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. 2025 Jul 4;22(1):116.
doi: 10.1186/s12954-025-01262-4.

Barriers and facilitators to injectable opioid agonist treatment engagement within a structural vulnerability context: a qualitative study of patient experiences in Vancouver, Canada

Samara Mayer  1   2   3 , Nadia Fairbairn  3   4 , Al Fowler  3 , Jade Boyd  3   4 , Thomas Kerr  3   4 , Ryan McNeil  5   6   7   8   9
Affiliations

Barriers and facilitators to injectable opioid agonist treatment engagement within a structural vulnerability context: a qualitative study of patient experiences in Vancouver, Canada

Samara Mayer et al. Harm Reduct J. .

Abstract

Background: Amidst a sustained drug poisoning crisis, there is growing recognition in Canada of the need to expand injectable opioid agonist treatment (iOAT). iOAT is an intensive treatment that involves the daily self-administration of hydromorphone or diacetylmorphine under healthcare provider supervision, typically accompanied by other health and social services. While this treatment has demonstrated effectiveness in reducing drug use-related risks, high threshold characteristics may also create barriers to engagement. This study examined patients' experiences of barriers and facilitators to iOAT with attention to how social and structural factors (e.g., housing vulnerability, poverty) shape program engagement.

Methods: This study draws on qualitative interviews and fieldwork observations with people accessing four iOAT programs in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside neighbourhood from May 2018 to November 2019. Data included baseline and follow-up interviews and approximately 50 h of observational fieldwork. Analysis leveraged a structural vulnerability lens to examine how social and structural factors shape people's engagement with iOAT.

Results: Participants highlighted how improved access to health and social services, compassionate and relational care, and flexible and individualized approaches to treatment delivery that addresses and accounts for the structural vulnerabilities facilitated engagement in treatment. However, dosing supervision, operational capacity and medication formulation were experienced as barriers to treatment. These barriers were magnified by structural vulnerabilities such as housing instability and mobility challenges.

Conclusions: Study findings highlight how people navigate the barriers and facilitators to iOAT engagement in light of the structural vulnerabilities they experience. Adaptations to and ongoing support for iOAT programs may help to facilitate engagement and should focus on equity-oriented and patient- centered treatment models that includes the integration of social supports, support for relational care and treatment planning that supports patient autonomy.

Keywords: Ethnography; Injectable opioid agonist treatment; Patient engagement; Qualitative; Structural vulnerability.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the University of British Columbia and Providence Health Care Research Ethics Board (H17-00557) conducted according to the Canadian Tri-Council policy regarding ethical conduct for research involving humans (TCPS 2). Informed consent was provided in writing by all participants at the onset of their participation, with ongoing verbal consent provided continually throughout the research process. Anonymity of participants was strictly safeguarded in the analysis, reporting, and storage of the data. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

References

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