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Comparative Study
. 2025 Dec;16(1):2525929.
doi: 10.1080/21505594.2025.2525929. Epub 2025 Jul 7.

Comparison of Omicron and respiratory virus infections in pediatric liver transplantation: Impact of perioperative identification status

Pingbo Jin  1   2 , Weili Wang  1   2 , Wei Zhang  1   2 , Xin Duan  1   2 , Li Wang  1   2 , Lei Zeng  1   2 , Rongrong Wang  3 , Xinyu Yu  4 , Ying Chen  1   2 , Yigang Qian  1   2 , Min Zhang  1   2 , Yan Shen  1   2 , Xueli Bai  1   2 , Tingbo Liang  1   2   5   6
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Comparative Study

Comparison of Omicron and respiratory virus infections in pediatric liver transplantation: Impact of perioperative identification status

Pingbo Jin et al. Virulence. 2025 Dec.

Abstract

Peri-operative respiratory virus (RV) infection is critical in paediatric liver transplantation. However, it has been inadequately studied, especially in terms of the clinical latency of infection (incubation period) and Omicron variant infection. Herein, we compared the infection profile of common RVs and Omicron variants in paediatric liver transplantation, aiming to identify the association of virus infection with outcomes. The Omicron cohort was designed prospectively, and the RV cohort was retrospective. Survival outcomes, medical resources, and major complications were compared. Risk factors associated with peri-operative mortality were investigated using regression analysis. We enrolled 649 paediatric liver transplantation patients, including 28 Omicron and 61 RV infections. The 1-y overall survival was 97.7 ± 0.6% for the non-infected group, and 93.4 ± 3.2% for the RV group (p = 0.092). No death occurred in the Omicron group. Mortality was higher in the clinical latency infection group compared with that in the non-infected group (13.8% vs. 1.4%, p = 0.002). Latent RV infection (hazard ratio (HR) = 6.323, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.374-29.087), Multi‑drug resistance organism pneumonia (HR = 7.177, 95% CI: 1.817-28.350), infectious shock (HR = 4.284, 95% CI: 0.995-18.442) and blood loss (HR = 3.209, 95% CI: 1.166-8.833) were independent risk factors for peri-operative mortality. In conclusion, pre-transplant viral screening is fundamental to paediatric liver transplantation. Peri-operative Omicron infection might be controllable, while RV infection led to more complications compared with those in the non-infected group. Clinical latency infection is the key risk for paediatric liver transplantation mortality.

Keywords: COVID-19; Omicron; Pediatric liver transplantation; clinical latency infection; respiratory syncytial virus; respiratory virus.

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Conflict of interest statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
The flow chart of the study, the time distribution of respiratory virus cases since 2020 and the viral loads of major viruses.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
The survival analysis using Kaplan–Meier method.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Major outcomes of medical resource occupation, perioperative respiratory, renal, infectious, and cariological complications.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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