. 2025 Jul 8;15(1):24345.

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-04253-4.

Acoustic metasurface constructed by periodic parallel Helmholtz resonators for gas sensing applications

Zaky A Zaky^{1

2}, Ahlem Guesmi³, Mohamed El Malki⁴, Naoufel Ben Hamadi³, Ilyas Antraoui⁴, Ali Khettabi⁴

Affiliations

¹ Physics Department, Faculty of Science, TH-PPM Group, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62514, Egypt. zaky.a.zaky@science.bsu.edu.eg.
² Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980, Dubna, Russia. zaky.a.zaky@science.bsu.edu.eg.
³ Chemistry Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 5701, Riyadh, 11432, Saudi Arabia.
⁴ Laboratory of Materials, Waves, Energy and Environment, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda, 60000, Morocco.

PMID: 40624101
PMCID: PMC12234677
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-04253-4

Acoustic metasurface constructed by periodic parallel Helmholtz resonators for gas sensing applications

Zaky A Zaky et al. Sci Rep. 2025.

. 2025 Jul 8;15(1):24345.

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-04253-4.

Authors

Zaky A Zaky^{1

2}, Ahlem Guesmi³, Mohamed El Malki⁴, Naoufel Ben Hamadi³, Ilyas Antraoui⁴, Ali Khettabi⁴

Affiliations

¹ Physics Department, Faculty of Science, TH-PPM Group, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62514, Egypt. zaky.a.zaky@science.bsu.edu.eg.
² Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980, Dubna, Russia. zaky.a.zaky@science.bsu.edu.eg.
³ Chemistry Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 5701, Riyadh, 11432, Saudi Arabia.
⁴ Laboratory of Materials, Waves, Energy and Environment, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda, 60000, Morocco.

PMID: 40624101
PMCID: PMC12234677
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-04253-4

Abstract

This study investigates a compact acoustic metasurface of periodic parallel Helmholtz resonators with a resonator defect located in the middle of the structure for gas-sensing applications. Introducing defects into the common resonators' array creates localized resonant modes that affect the gas properties, improving sensitivity. The resonance frequency shift occurs due to the filling gas samples inside the defective structure. Using the finite element method, numerical simulations show that the defective Helmholtz resonator modifies the pressure distribution and reduces the band gap. The study shows that high sensitivity can be achieved by optimizing the number of periodic cells associated with defect modes. Hence, Helmholtz resonator arrays are good candidates for hazardous gas detection. The structure is analysed considering different parameters. The results indicate improved sensitivity with an increasing number of Helmholtz resonators, highlighting the potential use of these systems in environmental monitoring and safety.

Keywords: Defective resonator; Environmental monitoring; Gas sensing; Helmholtz resonators; Periodic structures; Sensitivity.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics declarations: This article does not contain any studies involving animals or human participants performed by any authors.

Figures

**Fig. 1**
Schematic illustrations of (a) the unit cell composed of parallel HR, (b) the defective cell is composed of simple HR, (c) the periodic structure is composed of parallel HRs containing a defective HR in the middle of the structure.

**Fig. 2**
Mesh illustrations of the periodic structure are composed of parallel HRs containing a defective HR in the middle of the structure.

**Fig. 3**
Distribution of SPL of seven identical parallel HRs in a periodic arrangement for several specified frequencies at (a) 300 Hz, (b) 316.5 Hz, (c) 360.01 Hz, (e) 400.01 Hz, (f) 460 Hz, and (j) 500 Hz. All structure is filled with air for , , , m, , , , andm.

formula image — **Fig. 3**
Distribution of SPL of seven identical parallel HRs in a periodic arrangement for several specified frequencies at (a) 300 Hz, (b) 316.5 Hz, (c) 360.01 Hz, (e) 400.01 Hz, (f) 460 Hz, and (j) 500 Hz. All structure is filled with air for , , , m, , , , andm.

**Fig. 4**
Transmittance (using FEM and TMM) and band structure of seven (N = 7) periodic cells of parallel HRs for , , , andm.

**Fig. 5**
Distribution of SPL in the defective structure at (a) 380.01 Hz, (b) 385.41 Hz, and (c) 390.01 Hz. The defective cell of HR is located between seven identical parallel HRs (N = 7) with different geometry parameters. All structure filled with air for , , , m, , , , m.

**Fig. 6**
Transmission spectra of the defective structure filled with different gas samples (a) air, (b) , (c) Ar, (d) , and (e) , at , , , m, , , , m. The defective HR is between 7 identical parallel HRs ().

**Fig. 7**
Transmission spectra of the defective structure filled with different gas samples (a) air, (b) , (c) Ar, (d) , and (e) , at , , , m, , , , m. The defective HR is between 5 identical parallel HRs ().

**Fig. 8**
Transmission spectra of the defective structure filled with different gas samples (a) air, (b) , (c) Ar, (d) , and (e) , at , , , m, , , , m. The defective HR is between 6 identical parallel HRs ().

**Fig. 9**
Transmission spectra of the defective structure filled with different gas samples (a) air, (b) , (c) Ar, (d) , and (e) , at , , , m, , , , m. The defective HR is between 8 identical parallel HRs ().

**Fig. 10**
Transmission spectra of the defective structure filled with different gas samples (a) air, (b) , (c) Ar, (d) , and (e) , at , , , m, , , , m. The defective HR is between 9 identical parallel HRs ().

**Fig. 11**
Transmission spectra of the defective structure filled with DEB at different concentrations of higher than the normal ratio.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

1. Mao, Q., Li, S. & Liu, W. Development of a sweeping Helmholtz resonator for noise control, Applied Acoustics, vol. 141, pp. 348–354, (2018). 10.1016/j.apacoust.2018.07.031
1. Ning, L., Wang, Y. Z. & Wang, Y. S. Active control of elastic metamaterials consisting of symmetric double Helmholtz resonator cavities. Int. J. Mech. Sci.153, 287–298. 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2019.02.007 (2019).
1. Li, J. B., Wang, Y. S. & Zhang, C. Tuning of acoustic bandgaps in phononic crystals with Helmholtz resonators. J. Vib. Acoust.135, 031015. 10.1115/1.4023812 (2013).
1. Ke, J., Wang, Y. & Wang, Y. Study on the bandgaps of two-dimensional vacuum/solid phononic crystals with Helmholtz resonators, in 2011 Symposium on Piezoelectricity, Acoustic Waves and Device Applications (SPAWDA), pp. 321–323. (2011). 10.1109/SPAWDA.2011.6167254
1. Wang, Y. F., Wang, Y. S. & Wang, L. Complete bandgaps in three-dimensional holey phononic crystals with Helmholtz resonators, in 2012 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium, pp. 1766–1769. (2012). 10.1109/ULTSYM.2012.0443

Grants and funding

IMSIU-DDRSP2501/Funding: This work was supported and funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU)

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Acoustic metasurface constructed by periodic parallel Helmholtz resonators for gas sensing applications

Affiliations

Acoustic metasurface constructed by periodic parallel Helmholtz resonators for gas sensing applications

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Miscellaneous