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. 2025 Jul 7;15(1):24168.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-08464-7.

Development of BaSrTiO3 nanomaterial based dispersive solid phase microextraction method for cadmium determination in thyme samples using flame atomic absorption spectrometry

Selim Gürsoy  1   2 , Caner Korkmaz  3 , Elif Öztürk Er  1   4 , Sezgin Bakirdere  5   6
Affiliations

Development of BaSrTiO3 nanomaterial based dispersive solid phase microextraction method for cadmium determination in thyme samples using flame atomic absorption spectrometry

Selim Gürsoy et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

This study presents an efficient and straightforward approach for the easy synthesis and innovative analytical application of an industrial nanomaterial of BaSrTiO3 (BST). Characterization techniques including XRD (X-ray Diffraction), FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), and SEM (scanning electron microscopy) were utilized for characterizing the synthesized nanomaterial. Subsequently, the incorporation of BaSrTiO3 nanomaterial-based DSPME (dispersive solid phase microextraction) and FAAS (flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry) was implemented for the preconcentration of Cd with enhanced precision and accuracy. Each variable influencing the outcome of extraction efficiency has been defined in the optimization studies. The limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) values for the BaSrTiO3 (BST)-DSPME-FAAS system were determined to be 1.1 µg/L and 0.33 µg/L, respectively. Recovery examinations were conducted on two different thyme tea samples utilizing multiple calibration methodologies. The calculated percent recovery values from the spiked samples were in the range of 89.2-123%.

Keywords: Cadmium; Dispersive solid phase micro extraction; Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry; Food analysis; Food composition; Thyme tea.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing interest: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethical approval: This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
FT-IR spectrum of BaSrTiO3 nanomaterial.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
XRD patterns of BaSrTiO3 nanomaterial material.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
SEM image of of BaSrTiO3 nanomaterial.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
The effects of buffer solution type (a) and buffer volume (b) (n = 3). The constant parameters used in the buffer solution type optimization: 30 mL sample volume, 10 µg/L of Cd standard solution, 20 mg adsorbent, 1.0 mL of buffer solution, 30 s of vortex, 0.150 mL 14.4 M nitric acid. The constant parameters used in buffer volume optimization: 30 mL of sample volume, 10 µg/L of Cd standard solution, pH 7.0 buffer solution, 20 mg adsorbent, 30 s of vortex, 0.150 mL 14.4 M nitric acid.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
The effects of adsorbent amount (n = 3). (The constant parameters used in the adsorbent amount optimization: 30 mL sample volume, 10 µg/L of cadmium standard solution, 1.0 mL of pH 7.0 buffer solution, 30 s of vortex, 0.150 mL 14.4 M nitric acid.)
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
The effects of mixing period (n = 3). The constant parameters used in the mixing period optimization: 30 mL sample volume, 10 µg/L of cadmium standard solution, 1.0 mL of pH 7.0 buffer solution, 20 mg adsorbent, 0.150 mL 14.4 M nitric acid.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
The effects of desorption solvent concentration (a) and volume (b) (n = 3). The constant parameters used in the desorption solvent concentration optimization: 30 mL sample volume, 10 µg/L of Cd standard solution, 1.0 mL of pH 7.0 buffer solution, 20 mg adsorbent, 30 s of vortex, 0.150 mL nitric acid. The constant parameters used in desorption solvent volume optimization: 30 mL sample volume, 10 µg/L of Cd standard solution, 1.0 mL of pH 7.0 buffer solution, 20 mg adsorbent, 30 s of vortex, 3.0 M nitric acid.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Calibration plots obtained from the FAAS system (a) and the developed DSPME-FAAS method (b).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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