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. 2025 Jul 7;15(7):e71751.
doi: 10.1002/ece3.71751. eCollection 2025 Jul.

Functional Diversity of Wintering Waterbird Enhanced by Restored Wetland in the Lakeshore of Chaohu Lake

Shanshan Xia  1   2 , Xianglin Ji  1   2 , Lei Meng  1   2 , Lizhi Zhou  1   2
Affiliations

Functional Diversity of Wintering Waterbird Enhanced by Restored Wetland in the Lakeshore of Chaohu Lake

Shanshan Xia et al. Ecol Evol. .

Abstract

The primary goal of wetland restoration is to understand the species assembly process in order to strategically guide community development. Providing suitable habitats for waterbirds is one of the key objectives. In recent years, Chaohu Lake-a typical gate-controlled reservoir lake in the middle and lower Yangtze River floodplain-has faced wetland habitat homogenization due to sustained high- water- levels. This has made the maintenance of regional waterbird metacommunity diversity a critical concern. This study employed a trait-based approach, using Linear Mixed Models (LMMs) and Generalized Dissimilarity Modeling (GDM), to quantify the impacts of lakeshore wetland restoration (2020-2023) on wintering waterbird functional diversity. Results showed significant enhancements in functional α-diversity within restored wetlands (FRic, FDis, and FDiv, p < 0.01), highlighting the importance of habitat heterogeneity. Notably, restored wetlands exhibited coupled patterns of higher functional β-diversity turnover rates and lower functional nestedness over time, forming distinctive species assemblages. Environmental filtering was primarily driven by trait loss mechanisms, with water depth and aquatic vegetation coverage identified as key drivers. In conclusion, wetland restoration significantly enhanced the functional diversity of wintering waterbirds in Chaohu Lake, emphasizing the critical role of functional diversity in evaluating restoration effectiveness for high- water- level gate-controlled floodplain lakes.

Keywords: environmental filtering; functional diversity; gate‐controlled lake; lakeshore wetland; restored wetland; waterbird diversity.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Sampling points and areas in the local community of Chaohu Lake, Anhui Province, China.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Plot showing the kernel probability density of the functional diversity index (mean ± SE) for α for different wetland types in the lakeshore wetlands in Chaohu Lake. Statistically significant values are represented by an asterisk sign: ***p < 0.001, *p < 0.05.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
CWM showing only the cases where the LMM model indicates significant differences between wetlands, based on the weighted average (mean ± SE) between wetland types. Statistically significant values are represented by an asterisk sign: ***p < 0.001, *p < 0.05.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Contribution of each wetland type to regional beta diversity (as well as regional turnover and nestedness) in the gate‐controlled floodplain lake, ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, ns = non‐significant (p ≥ 0.05).
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
GDM results showing that environmental variables had significant explanatory power for the functional β diversity of wintering waterbirds (regional metacommunity) and its components, (a) turnover, (b) total β diversity, (c) nestedness.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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