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. 2025 Jul 8.
doi: 10.2459/JCM.0000000000001765. Online ahead of print.

Pitfalls of right-to-left shunt diagnosis through patent foramen ovale

Silvia Maiani  1 , Giulia Nardi, Maria Federica Crociani, Alessio Mattesini, Carlo Di Mario, Francesco Meucci
Affiliations

Pitfalls of right-to-left shunt diagnosis through patent foramen ovale

Silvia Maiani et al. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). .
No abstract available

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References

    1. Caso V, Turc G, Abdul-Rahim AH, Castro P, Hussain S, Lal A, Mattle H, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of patent foramen ovale (PFO) after stroke. Eur Stroke J 2024; 9:800–834.
    1. Pristipino C, Sievert H, D’Ascenzo F, Louis Mas J, Meier B, Scacciatella P, et al. EAPCI Scientific Documents and Initiatives Committee; International Experts. European position paper on the management of patients with patent foramen ovale: general approach and left circulation thromboembolism. Eur Heart J 2019; 40:3182–3195.
    1. Woods TD, Patel A. A critical review of patent foramen ovale detection using saline contrast echocardiography: when bubbles lie. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2006; 19:215–222.

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