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. 2025 Jul 9:dgaf392.
doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgaf392. Online ahead of print.

Genetic Risk and Transition through Preclinical Stages of Type 1 Diabetes

Andrea K Steck  1 , Hemang M Parikh  2 , Taylor M Triolo  1 , Lauric Ferrat  3 , Lu You  2 , Peter A Gottlieb  1 , Richard A Oram  4 , Suna Onengut-Gumuscu  5 , Jeffrey P Krischer  2 , Stephen S Rich  5 , Maria J Redondo  6
Affiliations

Genetic Risk and Transition through Preclinical Stages of Type 1 Diabetes

Andrea K Steck et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. .

Abstract

Objective: Our aim was to study the influence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) genetic risk factors on the transition through preclinical stages of T1D.

Methods: In TrialNet participants who have been genotyped with the TEDDY-T1DExomeChip array (Illumina HumanCoreExome Beadarray with custom content), we evaluated the influence of the overall T1D genetic risk score (GRS2), its HLA and non-HLA components, HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR4 haplotypes and 90 single nucleotide polymorphisms previously associated with islet autoimmunity and/or T1D on three transitions between diabetes stages: from single confirmed autoantibody positive to stage 1 (N=4,314), from stage 1 to stage 2 (N=3,066), and from stage 2 to stage 3 (clinical) T1D (N=2,045).

Results: The T1D GRS2 was associated with all three transitions with hazard ratios(HR) of 1.11(1.09-1.14) for single autoantibody positivity to stage 1, HR 1.05(1.03-1.08) for stage 1 to 2, and HR 1.13(1.09-1.17) for stage 2 to 3 T1D. The T1D GRS2 HLA and HLA class II components were associated with all three transitions. The HLA class I component and the HLA-DR4 haplotype were associated with the transition from single autoantibody positivity to stage 1 and from stage 2 to stage 3 T1D, while HLA-DR3 was only associated with the latter.

Conclusions: Genetics influence transitions through each stage of preclinical T1D, with main contributions from HLA class II. These results increase our understanding of T1D development and support incorporating the T1D GRS2 to enhance the prediction of progression through the preclinical stages of T1D.

Keywords: early type 1 diabetes markers; genetic risk factors; genetic risk score; prediction of T1D; type 1 diabetes.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosure summary: The authors have no relevant conflicts of interest to disclose.

Figures

Figure 1:
Figure 1:. Kaplan Meier survival curves of the GRS2 on the transition from single autoantibody positivity to stage 1 (A), stage 1 to stage 2 (B), and stage 2 to stage 3 (C)
Single Ab+ = single confirmed autoantibody positive
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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