Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2025 Jul 10;7(7):CD015875.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD015875.

Gut microbiome-based interventions for the management of obesity in children and adolescents aged up to 19 years

Shah Mohammad Fahim  1   2 , Samantha L Huey  1   2 , Ximena E Palma Molina  2 , Nikita Agarwal  3 , Pratiwi Ridwan  2 , Naiwen Ji  2 , Matthew Kibbee  4 , Rebecca Kuriyan  5 , Julia L Finkelstein  1   2 , Saurabh Mehta  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Gut microbiome-based interventions for the management of obesity in children and adolescents aged up to 19 years

Shah Mohammad Fahim et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: The epidemic of overweight and obesity affects more than 390 million children and adolescents aged 5 to 19 years and 37 million children under five years of age. Overweight and obesity are associated with both short- and long-term consequences, including chronic inflammation, metabolic diseases, as well as alterations in the gut microbiome composition. Gut microbiome-based approaches may impact microbiome-related metrics such as diversity or the abundance of intestinal bacteria, which may be linked to obesity-related outcomes. However, evidence regarding the effect of gut microbiome-based interventions for the management of obesity is limited.

Objectives: To assess the effects of gut microbiome-based interventions in the management of overweight or obesity in children and adolescents in all their diversity aged 0 to 19 years.

Search methods: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science Core Collection, BIOSIS Previews, Global Index Medicus (all regions), IBECS, SciELO, PAHO, PAHO IRIS, WHO IRIS, WHOLIS, Bibliomap, TRoPHI as well as ICTRP Search Portal and ClinicalTrials.gov. The date of the last search for all databases was 24 January 2025. We did not apply any language restrictions.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials that evaluated gut microbiome-based interventions [i.e. prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT)] compared to standard-of-care, placebo, or control interventions in children and adolescents aged 0 to 19 years with overweight or obesity.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently screened titles and abstracts and full texts, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool and certainty of the evidence using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE), a framework for assessing the certainty of evidence and making recommendations in systematic reviews. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed unless only one study per outcome was available, for which fixed-effect analyses were performed.

Main results: We found 17 studies (838 participants) from various countries, evaluating the effects of prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, SCFAs, and FMT on body mass index (BMI), body weight, waist circumference, total body fat percentage (%TBF), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and adverse events. Of the 17 studies included, five studies were in adolescents aged 10 to 19 years, and 12 studies were in children and adolescents spanning both age groups, 0 to 19 years. Upon contacting authors for data grouped by age of the participants, no studies provided separate outcomes data for children and adolescents. The included studies were funded by either academic funding sources or grants from the public and private sectors. Additionally, 15 studies were classified as currently being conducted ('ongoing'). The certainty of evidence throughout was very low. In adolescents 10 to 19 years of age, probiotics compared to placebo or no intervention may have little to no effect on BMI, body weight, waist circumference, %TBF, blood pressure, and adverse events. Similarly, FMT compared to placebo may have little to no effect on waist circumference, %TBF, blood pressure, and adverse events in this age group. According to one study with 41 participants and in children and adolescents 0 to 19 years of age, intervention with prebiotics compared to placebo may result in a small reduction in BMI (mean difference = -0.70, 95% CI = -1.25 to -0.15) and body weight (mean difference = -1.5, 95% CI = -2.61 to -0.39). Prebiotics compared to placebo may have little to no effect on waist circumference, %TBF, systolic blood pressure, and adverse events. No data were available on the effect of prebiotics on diastolic blood pressure. Probiotics compared to placebo may have little to no effect on BMI, body weight, waist circumference, %TBF, blood pressure, and adverse events in children and adolescents (0 to 19 years). Synbiotics compared to placebo may result in a reduction in systolic blood pressure (mean difference = -40.00, 95% CI = -50.63 to -29.37) in children and adolescents (0 to 19 years); according to one study with 56 participants. The evidence is very uncertain about the effects of synbiotics compared to a placebo on BMI, body weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, and adverse events. No data were available on the effect of synbiotics compared to placebo on %TBF. Synbiotics, compared to probiotics, may have little to no effect on waist circumference, %TBF, and adverse events. No data were available on the effect of synbiotics compared to probiotics on BMI, body weight, and blood pressure. According to one study with 48 participants and very low-certainty of evidence, SCFAs compared to placebo may result in a reduction in waist circumference (mean difference = -5.08, 95% CI = -7.40 to -2.76) and BMI (mean difference = -2.26, 95% CI = -3.24 to -1.28) in children and adolescents (0-19 years). SCFAs compared to placebo may have little to no effect on adverse events. No data were available on the effect of SCFAs on body weight, %TBF, and blood pressure. Adverse events, i.e. abdominal cramps, abdominal discomfort, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, vomiting, and migraine, were reported in the prebiotics group but with very low incidence. Additionally, adverse events such as nausea and headache were reported in the SCFAs group, but with low incidence.

Authors' conclusions: In adolescents aged 10 to 19 years, gut microbiome-based interventions may result in little to no difference in obesity-related outcomes. In children and adolescents aged 0 to 19 years, prebiotics may result in a small reduction in BMI and body weight; synbiotics may result in a reduction in systolic blood pressure, and SCFAs may result in a reduction in BMI and waist circumference, albeit the certainty of evidence was very low. The evidence was of very low certainty due to few studies per comparison, small sample sizes, short intervention durations, and insufficient reporting of adverse events. More rigorous research examining different types of gut microbiome-based interventions for the management of obesity is required in children and adolescents, both in clinical and community settings. Future trials should also report methods related to randomisation, blinding, and compliance, as well as include prespecified analysis plans.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04578652.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

SMF: none known;

SLH: none known;

XPM: none known;

NA: has no known conflicts of interest to declare. NA worked at Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India as a Management Trainee for a total of three years with the date of resignation being December 2020. The company manufactures herbal medicine and food for both animal and human use. The company was started by her grandfather and is run by her father and uncle. She holds no shares, gets no money, or doesn't own any part of the company.

PR: none known;

NJ: none known;

MK: none known;

RK: none known;

JLF: has no known conflicts of interest to declare. JLF is a principal investigator on research grants to examine the burden and aetiology of anaemia in women of reproductive age (U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), biomarkers of nutritional status in women of reproductive age (National Institutes of Health), and to conduct randomised trials with micronutrient interventions to improve the health of women of reproductive age (U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). JLF is a Cochrane Editor, but was not involved in the editorial process for this review.

SM: has no conflicts of interest to declare. In the interest of full disclosure, SM holds equity in VitaScan, a startup company, aiming to commercialise some of his research on point‐of‐care assessment of nutritional status as a faculty member at Cornell University.

Similar articles

See all similar articles

References

References to studies included in this review

Amat‐Bou 2020 {published data only}
    1. Amat-Bou M, Garcia-Ribera S, Climent E, Piquer-Garcia I, Corripio R, Sanchez-Infantes D, et al. Effects of Bifidobacterium animalis Subsp. lactis (BPL1) supplementation in children and adolescents with Prader-Willi syndrome: a randomized crossover trial. Nutrients 2020;12(10):3123. [DOI: 10.3390/nu12103123] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Chen 2022 {published data only}
    1. Chen AC, Fang TJ, Ho HH, Chen JF, Kuo YW, Huang YY, et al. A multi-strain probiotic blend reshaped obesity-related gut dysbiosis and improved lipid metabolism in obese children. Frontiers in Nutrition 2022;9:1-15. [DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.922993] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Coppola 2022 {published data only}
    1. Coppola S, Nocerino R, Paparo L, Bedogni G, Calignano A, Di Scala C, et al. Therapeutic effects of butyrate on pediatric obesity: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Network Open 2022;5(12):e2244912. [DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.44912] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Czarnowski 2024 {published data only}
    1. Śliżewska K, Włodarczyk M, Barczyńska R, Kapuśniak J, Socha P, Wierzbicka-Rucińska A, et al. Impact of a fruit-vegetable preparation fortified with potato starch resistant dextrin on selected health indicators in overweight children. Nutrients 2024;16(14):2321. [DOI: 10.3390/nu16142321] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Czarnowski P, Bałabas A, Kułaga Z, Kulecka M, Goryca K, Pyśniak K, et al. Effects of soluble dextrin fiber from potato starch on body weight and associated gut dysbiosis are evident in western diet-fed mice but not in overweight/obese children. Nutrients 2024;16(7):917. [DOI: 10.3390/nu16070917] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT05140070. Fruit and vegetable products enriched with fibre from potato starch with prebiotic properties for children and youth. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05140070 (first submitted 23 August 2021).
Fonvig 2021 {published data only}
    1. Fonvig CE, Amundsen ID, Vigsnæs LK, Sørensen N, Frithioff-Bøjsøe C, Christiansen M, et al. Human milk oligosaccharides modulate fecal microbiota and are safe for use in children with overweight: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2021;73(3):408-14. [DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000003205] - DOI - PubMed
Gobel 2012 {published data only}
    1. Gøbel RJ, Larsen N, Jakobsen M, Mølgaard C, Michaelsen KF. Probiotics to adolescents with obesity: effects on inflammation and metabolic syndrome. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2012;55(6):673-8. [DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e318263066c] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Larsen N, Vogensen FK, Gøbel RJ, Michaelsen KF, Forssten SD, Lahtinen SJ, et al. Effect of Lactobacillus salivarius Ls-33 on fecal microbiota in obese adolescents. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2013;32(6):935-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2013.02.007] - DOI - PubMed
Jones 2018 {published data only}
    1. Jones RB, Alderete TL, Kim JS, Millstein J, Gilliland FD, Goran MI. High intake of dietary fructose in overweight/obese teenagers associated with depletion of Eubacterium and Streptococcus in gut microbiome. Gut Microbes 2019;10(6):712-9. [DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1592420] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Jones RB, Alderete TL, Martin AA, Geary BA, Hwang DH, Palmer SL, et al. Probiotic supplementation increases obesity with no detectable effects on liver fat or gut microbiota in obese Hispanic adolescents: a 16-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatric Obesity 2018;13(11):705-14. [DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12273] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT03115385. Probiotics and the gut microbiome in obese hispanic youth. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03115385 (first submitted 29 March 2017).
Kilic Yildirim 2023 {published data only}
    1. Kilic Yildirim G, Dinleyici M, Vandenplas Y, Dinleyici EC. Effects of multispecies synbiotic supplementation on anthropometric measurements, glucose and lipid parameters in children with exogenous obesity: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial (Probesity-2 trial). Frontiers in Nutrition 2022;9:898037. [DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.898037] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kilic Yildirim G, Dinleyici M, Vandenplas Y, Dinleyici EC. Effects of synbiotic supplementation on intestinal microbiota composition in children and adolescents with exogenous obesity: Probesity-2 trial. Gut Pathogens 2023;15(1):36. [DOI: 10.1186/s13099-023-00563-y] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT05162209. PROBESITY-2: synbiotics in pediatric obesity. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05162209 (first submitted 6 December 2021).
Kong 2021 {published data only}
    1. Kong XJ, Liu K, Zhuang P, Tian R, Liu S, Clairmont C, et al. The effects of limosilactobacillus reuteri LR-99 supplementation on body mass index, social communication, fine motor function, and gut microbiome composition in individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins 2021;13:1508–20. [DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09800-9] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Leong 2020 {published data only}
    1. Behling AH, Wilson BC, Ho D, Cutfield WS, Vatanen T, O’Sullivan JM. Horizontal gene transfer after faecal microbiota transplantation in adolescents with obesity. Microbiome 2024;12(1):26. [DOI: 10.1186/s40168-024-01748-6] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Leong KS, Jayasinghe TN, Derraik JG, Albert BB, Chiavaroli V, Svirskis DM, et al. Protocol for the Gut Bugs Trial: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of gut microbiome transfer for the treatment of obesity in adolescents. BMJ Open 2019;9(4):e026174. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026174] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Leong KS, Jayasinghe TN, Wilson BC, Derraik JG, Albert BB, Chiavaroli V, et al. Effects of fecal microbiome transfer in adolescents with obesity: the Gut Bugs randomized controlled trial. JAMA Network Open 2020;3(12):e2030415. [DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.30415] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wilson BC, Vatanen T, Jayasinghe TN, Leong KS, Derraik JG, Albert BB, et al. Strain engraftment competition and functional augmentation in a multi-donor fecal microbiota transplantation trial for obesity. Microbiome 2021;9(1):107. - PMC - PubMed
Nicolucci 2017 {published data only}
    1. Hume MP, Nicolucci AC, Reimer RA. Prebiotic supplementation improves appetite control in children with overweight and obesity: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2017;105(4):790-9. [DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.140947] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Nicolucci AC, Hume MP, Martínez I, Mayengbam S, Walter J, Reimer RA. Prebiotics reduce body fat and alter intestinal microbiota in children who are overweight or with obesity. Gastroenterology 2017;153(3):711-22. [DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.05.055] - DOI - PubMed
Safavi 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kelishadi R, Farajian S, Safavi M, Mirlohi M, Hashemipour M. A randomized triple-masked controlled trial on the effects of synbiotics on inflammation markers in overweight children. Jornal de Pediatria 2013;90(2):161-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2013.07.003] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Safavi M, Farajian S, Kelishadi R, Mirlohi M, Hashemipour M. The effects of synbiotic supplementation on some cardio-metabolic risk factors in overweight and obese children: a randomized triple-masked controlled trial. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 2013;64(6):687-93. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2013.775224] - DOI - PubMed
Sanchis‐Chorda 2019 {published data only}
    1. Sanchis-Chordà J, Del Pulgar EM, Carrasco-Luna J, Benítez-Páez A, Sanz Y, Codoñer-Franch P. Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum CECT 7765 supplementation improves inflammatory status in insulin-resistant obese children. European Journal of Nutrition 2018;58:2789–2800. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1828-5] - DOI - PubMed
Stefanaki 2018 {published data only}
    1. Stefanaki C, Bacopoulou F, Michos A. The impact of probiotics' administration on glycemic control, body composition, gut microbiome, mitochondria, and other hormonal signals in adolescents with prediabetes - a randomized, controlled trial study protocol. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications 2018;11:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2018.06.002] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Stefanaki C, Michos A, Mastorakos G, Mantzou A, Landis G, Zosi P, et al. Probiotics in adolescent prediabetes: a pilot RCT on glycemic control and intestinal bacteriome. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2019;8(10):1743. [DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101743] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Vega‐Cárdenas 2023 {published data only}
    1. Martinez-Martinez MU, Vazquez-Maldonado D, Ratering S, Godinez-Hernandez C, Ortiz-Basurto RI, Soria-Guerra RE, et al. Fructans from agave enhance probiotic yoghurt by modulating gut microbiota on children with overweight or obesity. Food Bioscience 2022;46:101516. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101516] - DOI
    1. Vega-Cárdenas M, Martínez-Gutierrez F, Lara-Ramírez EE, Reynaga-Hernandez E, Yañez-Estrada L, Ratering S, et al. Agave fructans enhance the effects of fermented milk products on obesity biomarkers: a randomised trial. Beneficial Microbes 2023;14(2):153-64. [DOI: 10.3920/BM2022.0078] - DOI - PubMed
Verma 2021 {published data only}
    1. Verma A, Nelson MT, DePaolo WR, Hampe C, Roth CL. A randomized double-blind placebo controlled pilot study of probiotics in adolescents with severe obesity. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders 2021;20:1289-300. [DOI: 10.1007/s40200-021-00855-7] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Visuthranukul 2024 {published data only}
    1. Visuthranukul C, Chamni S, Kwanbunbumpen T, Saengpanit P, Chongpison Y, Tepaamorndech S, et al. Effects of inulin supplementation on body composition and metabolic outcomes in children with obesity. Scientific Reports 2022;12(1):13014. [DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17220-0] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Visuthranukul C, Leelahavanichkul A, Tepaamorndech S, Chamni S, Mekangkul E, Chomtho S. Inulin supplementation exhibits increased muscle mass via gut-muscle axis in children with obesity: double evidence from clinical and in vitro studies. Scientific Reports 2024;14(1):11181. [DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61781-1] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Visuthranukul C, Sriswasdi S, Tepaamorndech S, Chamni S, Leelahavanichkul A, Joyjinda Y, et al. Enhancing gut microbiota and microbial function with inulin supplementation in children with obesity. International Journal of Obesity 2024;48(12):1696-704. [DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01590-8] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

ACTRN12612001305819 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12612001305819. Low calorie diet, pre-biotics and antibiotics for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=363383&... (first submitted 13 December 2012).
Aqeel 2025 {published data only}
    1. Aqeel A, Kay MC, Zeng J, Petrone BL, Yang C, Truong T, et al. Grocery intervention and DNA-based assessment to improve diet quality in pediatric obesity: a pilot randomized controlled study. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2025;33(2):331-45. [DOI: 10.1002/oby.24205] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Atazadegan 2023 {published data only}
    1. Atazadegan MA, Heidari-Beni M, Entezari MH, Sharifianjazi F, Kelishadi R. Effects of synbiotic supplementation on anthropometric indices and body composition in overweight or obese children and adolescents: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. World Journal of Pediatrics 2023;19(4):356-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s12519-022-00664-9] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Balamurugan 2010 {published data only}
    1. Balamurugan R, George G, Kabeerdoss J, Hepsiba J, Chandragunasekaran AM, Ramakrishna BS. Quantitative differences in intestinal Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in obese Indian children. British Journal of Nutrition 2010;103(3):335-8. [DOI: 10.1017/S0007114509992182] - DOI - PubMed
Barrie 2017 {published data only}
    1. Barrie JL, St-Onge MP. A coconut oil-rich meal does not enhance thermogenesis compared to corn oil in a randomized trial in obese adolescents. Insights in Nutrition and Metabolism 2017;1(1):30-6. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT02132377. Development of melt organic baking fat for reducing child obesity. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02132377 (first submitted 16 January 2015).
Bonnema 2015 {published data only}
    1. Bonnema A, Kelly J, Ryan S, McKinnon H, Romero-Gonzalez R, Louis P, et al. SATIN (satiety innovation) project: dietary supplementation with type 3 resistant starch induces distinct changes in gut microbiota of overweight human volunteers. FASEB Journal 2015;29(Suppl. 1):744.2. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.744.2] - DOI
Brzeziński 2020 {published data only}
    1. Brzeziński M, Jankowska A, Słomińska-Frączek M, Metelska P, Wiśniewski P, Socha P, et al. Long-term effects of vitamin D supplementation in obese children during integrated weight-loss programme - a double blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Nutrients 2020;12(4):1093. [DOI: 10.3390/nu12041093] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT02828228. Vitamin D supplementation in vitamin D deficient obese children during weight-loss program. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02828228 (first submitted 28 June 2016).
    1. Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz A, Brzeziński M, Jankowska A, Metelska P, Słomińska-Frączek M, Socha P. Long-term effects of vitamin D supplementation in vitamin D deficient obese children participating in an integrated weight-loss programme (a double-blind placebo-controlled study) - rationale for the study design. BMC Pediatrics 2017;17(1):97. [DOI: 10.1186/s12887-017-0851-7] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Cakir 2017 {published data only}
    1. Cakir M, Isbilen AA, Eyupoglu I, Sag E, Orem A, Sen TM, et al. Effects of long-term synbiotic supplementation in addition to lifestyle changes in children with obesity-related non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology 2017;28(5):377-83. [DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2017.17084] - DOI - PubMed
Chiu 2020 {published data only}
    1. Chiu S, Siri-Tarino P, Bergeron N, Suh JH, Krauss RM. A randomized study of the effect of replacing sugar-sweetened soda by reduced fat milk on cardiometabolic health in male adolescent soda drinkers. Nutrients 2020;12(2):405. [DOI: 10.3390/nu12020405] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT02094768. Soda and milk study (SAMS). https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02094768 (first submitted 20 March 2014).
Chongsrisawat 2017 {published data only}
    1. Chongsrisawat V, Poparn H, Chatrproedprai S, Sornsiri K, Treeprasertsuk S. Effect of pre/probiotic mixture in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Pediatrics 2017;176(11):1486. [DOI: 10.1007/s00431-017-2979-8] - DOI
    1. Poparn H, Chatrproedprai S, Treeprasertsuk S, Sonsiri K, Chongsrisawat V. Effect of synbiotic supplementation in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial. Chotmaihet Thangphaet [Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand] 2020;103(12):S99‐S104. [DOI: 10.35755/jmedassocthai.2020.S08.11411] - DOI
CTRI/2021/02/031591 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2021/02/031591. A study to compare the efficacy of daily 4000 IU versus 6000 IU of oral vitamin D3 in the treatment of vitamin D deficient over weight and obese children. https://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/login.php (first submitted 26 February 2021).
Del Rio‐Navarro 2019 {published data only}
    1. Del-Río-Navarro BE, Miranda-Lora AL, Huang F, Hall-Mondragon MS, Leija-Martinez JJ. Effect of supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids on hypertriglyceridemia in pediatric patients with obesity. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism 2019;32(8):811-9. [DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2018-0409] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NCT03216057. Safety and efficacy of omega-3 free fatty acids in adolescents with obesity and hypertriglyceridemia. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03216057 (first submitted 10 July 2017).
EVASYONStudyGrp 2009 {published data only}
    1. Santacruz A, Marcos A, Wärnberg J, Martí A, Martin‐Matillas M, Campoy C, et al, EVASYON Study Grp. Interplay between weight loss and gut microbiota composition in overweight adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2009;17(10):1906-15. [DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.112] - DOI - PubMed
Famouri 2017 {published data only}
    1. Famouri F, Shariat Z, Hashemipour M, Keikha M, Kelishadi R. Effects of probiotics on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in obese children and adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2017;64(3):413-7. [DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001422] - DOI - PubMed
Hefley 2021 {published data only}
    1. Hefley S, Howard N, Crasto C, Vasylyeva T. Microbiome dysbiosis in obese adolescents: a potential contributor to inflammation. FASEB Journal 2021;35(Suppl. 1):00. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.S1.02509] - DOI
Hou 2024 {published data only}
    1. Hou C, Shi H, Xiao J, Song X, Luo Z, Ma X, et al. Pomegranate juice supplemented with inulin modulates gut microbiota and promotes the production of microbiota-associated metabolites in overweight/obese individuals: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2024;72(26):14663-77. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00849] - DOI - PubMed
Ipar 2015 {published data only}
    1. Ipar N, Aydogdu SD, Yildirim GK, Inal M, Gies I, Vandenplas Y, et al. Effects of synbiotic on anthropometry, lipid profile and oxidative stress in obese children. Beneficial Microbes 2015;6(6):775-82. [DOI: 10.3920/BM2015.0011] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NCT01927107. Effects of probiotics in obese children. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01927107 (first submitted 16 August 2013).
IRCT2012121811799N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2012121811799N1. Evaluation the effect of vitamin D on insulin resistance in overweight and obese children with vitamin D deficiency and insulin resistance between age 5 and 15 years old. https://irct.behdasht.gov.ir/trial/12004 (first submitted 5 May 2013).
IRCT201509244976N4 {published data only}
    1. IRCT201509244976N4. The effects of probiotic on clinical indexes of obesity in obese children. https://irct.behdasht.gov.ir/trial/5340 (first submitted 12 October 2015).
IRCT20180805040703N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20180805040703N1. Effects of different dosages of vitamin D3 on anthropometric indices, metabolic, bone, and vascular parameters and body composition in overweight or obese children and adolescents. https://irct.behdasht.gov.ir/trial/33444 (first submitted 20 October 2018).
Jang 2021 {published data only}
    1. Jang H, Lim H, Park K-H, Park S, Lee H-J. Changes in plasma choline and the betaine-to-choline ratio in response to 6-month lifestyle intervention are associated with the changes of lipid profiles and intestinal microbiota: the ICAAN study. Nutrients 2021;13(11):4006. [DOI: 10.3390/nu13114006] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Jiang 2020 {published data only}
    1. Jiang S, Zhu Q, Mai M, Yang W, Du G. Vitamin B and vitamin D as modulators of gut microbiota in overweight individuals. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 2020;71(8):1001-9. [DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2020.1748580] - DOI - PubMed
Khongtan 2023 {published data only}
    1. Khongtan S, Sivamaruthi BS, Thangaleela S, Kesika P, Bharathi M, Sirilun S, et al. The influence of probiotic supplementation on the obesity indexes, neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress markers, gut microbial diversity, and working memory in obese Thai children. Foods 2023;12(21):3890. [DOI: 10.3390/foods12213890] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kjølbæk 2020 {published data only}
    1. Kjølbæk L, Benítez-Páez A, Gómez Del Pulgar EM, Brahe LK, Liebisch G, Matysik S, et al. Arabinoxylan oligosaccharides and polyunsaturated fatty acid effects on gut microbiota and metabolic markers in overweight individuals with signs of metabolic syndrome: a randomized cross-over trial. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2020;39(1):67‐79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.01.012] - DOI - PubMed
Lammi 2024 {published data only}
    1. Lammi C, Ottaviano E, Fiore G, Bollati C, D'Adduzio L, Fanzaga M, et al. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid as an anti-inflammatory for Caco-2 cells and modulating agent for gut microbiota in children with obesity (the DAMOCLE study). Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 2024;48:465–81. [DOI: 10.1007/s40618-024-02444-w] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Li 2021 {published data only}
    1. Li H, Wu G, Zhao L, Zhang M. Suppressed inflammation in obese children induced by a high-fiber diet is associated with the attenuation of gut microbial virulence factor genes. Virulence 2021;12(1):1754-70. [DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1948252] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Li 2021a {published data only}
    1. Li H, Zhao L, Zhang M. Gut microbial SNPs induced by high-fiber diet dominate nutrition metabolism and environmental adaption of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in obese children. Frontiers in Microbiology 2021;12:683714. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.683714] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Liber 2014 {published data only}
    1. Liber A, Szajewska H. Effect of oligofructose supplementation on body weight in overweight and obese children: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. British Journal of Nutrition 2014;112(12):2068-74. [DOI: 10.1017/S0007114514003110] - DOI - PubMed
Lind 2019 {published data only}
    1. Lind T, Johansson U, Öhlund I, Lindberg L, Lönnerdal B, Tennefors C, et al. Study protocol: optimized complementary feeding study (OTIS): a randomized controlled trial of the impact of a protein-reduced complementary diet based on Nordic foods. BMC Public Health 2019;19(1):134. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6466-1] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Macknin 2015 {published data only}
    1. Macknin M, Kong T, Weier A, Worley S, Tang AS, Alkhouri N, et al. Low fat vegan or American Heart Association diets & cardiovascular risk in obese 9-18 y.o. with elevated cholesterol [Plant-based, no-added-fat or American Heart Association diets: impact on cardiovascular risk in obese children with hypercholesterolemia and their parents]. Journal of Pediatrics 2015;166(4):953-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.12.058] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
McCann 2021 {published data only}
    1. McCann JR, Bihlmeyer NA, Roche K, Catherine C, Jawahar J, Kwee LC, et al. The pediatric obesity microbiome and metabolism study (POMMS): methods, baseline data, and early insights. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2021;29(3):569-78. [DOI: 10.1002/oby.23081] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Morgado 2023 {published data only}
    1. Morgado MC, Sousa M, Marques C, Coelho AB, Costa JA, Seabra A. Effects of physical activity and nutrition education on the gut microbiota in overweight and obese children. Children 2023;10(7):1242. [DOI: 10.3390/children10071242] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Nagata 2017 {published data only}
    1. Nagata S, Chiba Y, Wang C, Yamashiro Y. The effects of the Lactobacillus casei strain on obesity in children: a pilot study. Beneficial Microbes 2017;8(4):535-43. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2016.0170] - DOI - PubMed
NCT00575991 {published data only}
    1. NCT00575991. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat in overweight children. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00575991 (first submitted 14 December 2007).
NCT00592137 {published data only}
    1. NCT00592137. Calcium, dairy, and body fat in adolescents. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00592137 (first submitted 26 December 2007).
NCT00631046 {published data only}
    1. NCT00631046. Essential fatty acids during complementary feeding. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00631046 (first submitted 28 February 2008).
NCT00699413 {published data only}
    1. NCT00699413. Supplements for controlling resistance to insulin (SCORE). https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00699413 (first submitted 16 June 2008).
NCT00842543 {published data only}
    1. NCT00842543. Fruit and vegetable juice concentrate effects on RBP4 and antioxidant capacity in lean and overweight 6-10 year old boys (FVJC). https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00842543 (first submitted 11 February 2009).
NCT00858247 {published data only}
    1. NCT00858247. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors in obese adolescents. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00858247 (first submitted 5 March 2009).
NCT00937599 {published data only}
    1. NCT00937599. Brazil nut consumed on the metabolic profile, oxidative stress and nutritive microcirculatory patterns. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00937599 (first submitted 10 July 2009).
NCT00994396 {published data only}
    1. NCT00994396. Vitamin D to improve glucose metabolism and reduce inflammation in obese adolescents. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00994396 (first submitted 12 October 2009).
NCT01217840 {published data only}
    1. NCT01217840. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on inflammation and cardiometabolic risk factors in obese adolescents. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01217840 (first submitted 7 October 2010).
NCT01323283 {published data only}
    1. NCT01323283. Study of omega-3 fatty acids regarding ergogenic, anti-inflammatory and obesity inhibitory effects in 8 year old children (STOPP-8 OM3). https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01323283 (first submitted 24 March 2011).
NCT01410643 {published data only}
    1. NCT01410643. Puberty related intervention to improve metabolic outcomes (the PRIMO study). https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01410643 (first submitted 30 March 2011).
NCT01456221 {published data only}
    1. NCT01456221. Intervention study with omega-3 fatty acids for weight loss and insulin resistance in adolescents (O3WLIRADOL). https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01456221 (first submitted 12 October 2011).
NCT01518803 {published data only}
    1. NCT01518803. A Mediterranean-style breakfast and postprandial lipid disorders in obese pre-adolescents and adults. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01518803 (first submitted 23 January 2012).
NCT01650025 {published data only}
    1. NCT01650025. Effects of VSL#3 on metabolic, endocrine, lipidomic and inflammatory parameters of pediatric patients with BMI>90° (VAIIO). https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01650025 (first submitted 23 July 2012).
NCT01665742 {published data only}
    1. NCT01665742. Anti-inflammatory dietary intervention in overweight and obese adolescents. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01665742 (first submitted 12 August 2012).
NCT01673152 {published data only}
    1. NCT01673152. The effect of the oligofructose supplementation on body weight in overweight and obese children. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01673152 (first submitted 27 June 2012).
NCT01797302 {published data only}
    1. NCT01797302. Vitamin D and vascular health in children. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01797302 (first submitted 20 February 2013).
NCT01934777 {published data only}
    1. NCT01934777. Efficacy and tolerance of treatment with DHA, choline and vitamin E in children with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01934777 (first submitted 30 August 2013).
NCT02063802 {published data only}
    1. NCT02063802. Metformin vs conjugated linoleic acid and an intervention program with healthy habits in obese children. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02063802 (first submitted 12 February 2014).
NCT02117700 {published data only}
    1. NCT02117700. Fatty liver disease in obese children. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02117700 (first submitted 16 April 2014).
NCT02168660 {published data only}
    1. NCT02168660. Correction of vitamin D levels and its effect on insulin resistance and weight gain in obese youth. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02168660 (first submitted 17 June 2014).
NCT02948647 {published data only}
    1. NCT02948647. Healthy eating through reduction of excess sugar. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02948647.
NCT03115385 {published data only}
    1. NCT03115385. Probiotics and the gut microbiome in obese hispanic youth. https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT03115385 (first submitted: 29 March 2017).
NCT03358524 {published data only}
    1. NCT03358524. Effects of vitamin E supplementation on free radicals and fat level of obese adolescence in Jakarta, Indonesia. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03358524 (first submitted 25 November 2017).
NCT03612479 {published data only}
    1. NCT03612479. Response of the gut microbiome and circulating metabolome to diet in children: ancillary study to KIDFIT (NCT03405246). https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03612479 (first submitted 27 July 2018).
NCT03629119 {published data only}
    1. NCT03629119. Psylliumrx dietary fiber study. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03629119 (first submitted 9 August 2018).
NCT03870984 {published data only}
    1. NCT03870984. Efficacy of nuts in obese children. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03870984 (first submitted 6 March 2019).
NCT04112251 {published data only}
    1. NCT04112251. Effects of cocoa supplement in obese adolescent subjects (COOBA). https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04112251 (first submitted 30 September 2019).
NCT04151823 {published data only}
    1. NCT04151823. Effect of postbiotics supplementation on microbiome in obese children: the POST-OB study. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04151823 (first submitted 30 October 2019).
NCT04723849 {published data only}
    1. NCT04723849. Efficacy evaluation of a mixed compound of antioxidants in terms of endothelium damage/function in pediatric subjects with obesity (OBELIX). https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04723849 (first submitted 14 January 2021).
NCT04770311 {published data only}
    1. NCT04770311. Childhood obesity microbiome study (CHOICE). https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04770311 (first submitted 23 February 2021).
NCT04783116 {published data only}
    1. NCT04783116. Plant stanols and liver inflammation in overweight and obese children. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04783116 (first submitted 23 February 2021).
NCT05000775 {published data only}
    1. NCT05000775. The influence of Gniib® in obesity management in obese young individuals in Hong Kong. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05000775 (first submitted 2 August 2021).
NCT05521061 {published data only}
    1. NCT05521061. The effect of human milk oligosaccharides in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05521061 (first submitted 15 May 2022).
NCT05671731 {published data only}
    1. NCT05671731. Combining prebiotic and diet/physical activity educational program effects on body composition and intestinal microbiota in children. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05671731 (first submitted 20 December 2022).
Pi 2024 {published data only}
    1. Pi X, Du Z, Teng W, Fu H, Hu L, Li J, et al. Characteristics of stachyose-induced effects on gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in vitro associated with obesity in children. Frontiers in Nutrition 2024;11:1411374. [DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1411374] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
RBR‐5h255qr {published data only}
    1. RBR-5h255qr. Response to different doses of vitamin D supplementation in individuals with obesity: a randomized clinical trial. https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-5h255qr (first registered: 07/11/2022).
Rodrigo 2022 {published data only}
    1. Rodrigo T, Dulani S, Seneviratne SN, De Silva AP, Fernando J, De Silva HJ, et al. Effects of probiotics combined with dietary and lifestyle modification on clinical, biochemical, and radiological parameters in obese children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a randomized clinical trial. Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics 2022;65(6):304‐11. [DOI: 10.3345/cep.2021.00787] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Schmidt 2022 {published data only}
    1. NCT02948647. Healthy eating through reduction of excess sugar (HEROES). https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02948647 (first submitted 25 October 2016).
    1. Schmidt KA, Jones RB, Rios C, Corona Y, Berger PK, Plows JF, et al. Clinical intervention to reduce dietary sugar does not affect liver fat in Latino youth, regardless of PNPLA3 genotype: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Nutrition 2022;152(7):1655-65. [DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac046] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Shestopalov 2020 {published data only}
    1. Shestopalov AV, Shatova OP, Gaponov AM, Moskaleva NE, Appolonova SA, Tutelyan AV, et al. The study of tryptophan metabolite concentrations in blood serum and fecal extracts from obese children. Biomeditsinskaya Khimiya 2020;66(6):494-501. [DOI: 10.18097/PBMC20206606494] - DOI - PubMed
SLCTR/2016/021 {published data only}
    1. SLCTR/2016/021. Effect of probiotics in the management of fatty liver disease in obese children. https://slctr.lk/trials/slctr-2016-021 (first registered: 27 Jul 2016).
UMIN000006958 {published data only}
    1. UMIN000006958. Beneficial effects of probiotics for obesity in children. https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000008198 (first submitted 27 November 2011).
Videhult 2015 {published data only}
    1. Karlsson Videhult F, Öhlund I, Stenlund H, Hernell O, West CE. Probiotics during weaning: a follow-up study on effects on body composition and metabolic markers at school age. European Journal of Nutrition 2015;54(3):355-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0715-y] - DOI - PubMed
Videhult 2015a {published data only}
    1. Karlsson Videhult F, Andersson Y, Öhlund I, Stenlund H, Hernell O, West CE. Impact of probiotics during weaning on the metabolic and inflammatory profile: follow-up at school age. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 2015;66(6):686-91. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2015.1025717] - DOI - PubMed
Vinet 2021 {published data only}
    1. NCT02400151. Vascular and metabolic effects of vitamin D supplementation associated with lifestyle management in obese adolescents (VIDADO). https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02400151 (first submitted 23 October 2015).
    1. Vinet A, Morrissey C, Perez-Martin A, Goncalves A, Raverdy C, Masson D, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on microvascular reactivity in obese adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases 2021;31(8):2474-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.04.025] - DOI - PubMed
WANG‐Peng 2024 {published data only}
    1. Peng WA, Baoliang LI, Zhenyu HU, Yan LI, Di JI, Ping ZH. Effects of dietary restriction combined with different exercises on inflammatory factors and gut microbiota in obese children. Chinese Journal of School Health 2024;45(6):794-8. [DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2024179] - DOI
Wu 2016 {published data only}
    1. Wu G, Zhang C, Wang J, Zhang F, Wang R, Shen J, et al. Diminution of the gut resistome after a gut microbiota-targeted dietary intervention in obese children. Scientific Reports 2016;6:24030. [DOI: 10.1038/srep24030] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Wu 2017 {published data only}
    1. Wu G, Zhang C, Wu H, Wang R, Shen J, Wang L, et al. Genomic microdiversity of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum underlying differential strain-level responses to dietary carbohydrate intervention. MBio 2017;8(1):10-28. [DOI: 10.1128/mBio.02348-16] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Xie 2021 {published data only}
    1. NCT03628937. The effect of decaffeinated green tea polyphenol intake on the risk of precocious puberty among obese girls. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03628937 (first submitted 10 July 2018).
    1. Xie L, Tang Q, Yao D, Gu Q, Zheng H, Wang X, et al. Effect of decaffeinated green tea polyphenols on body fat and precocious puberty in obese girls: a randomized controlled trial. Frontiers of Endocrinology (Lausanne) 2021;12:736724. [DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.736724] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Youssef 2020 {published data only}
    1. Youssef S, Singhal V, Stanford FC, Bredella M, Misra M. Differences in the gut microbiome across a range of glucose tolerance in adolescents with obesity. Hormone Research in Paediatrics 2020;93(Suppl. 1):13.
Zalewski 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT02280772. Effect of glucomannan supplementation on body weight in overweight and obese children. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02280772 (first submitted 29 October 2014).
    1. Zalewski BM, Szajewska H. Effect of glucomannan supplementation on body weight in overweight and obese children: protocol of a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2015;5(4):e007244. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007244] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Zalewski BM, Szajewska H. No effect of glucomannan on body weight reduction in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pediatrics 2019;211:85-91.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.03.044] - DOI - PubMed
Zhou 2024 {published data only}
    1. Zhou M, Peng C, Miao Z, Wang K, Zhou H, Li Y, et al. Improved diet-based nutritional interventions can improve childhood obesity with the synergistic regulation of gut microbiota. Beneficial Microbes 2024;15(5):495-513. [DOI: 10.1163/15762591-BJA00019] - DOI - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

ACTRN12616001245482 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12616001245482. Micronutrient supplementation for improving micronutrient status in underweight and overweight/obese primary school children. https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=371396&... (first submitted 30 August 2016).
    1. Hoang NT, Orellana L, Gibson RS, Le TD, Worsley A, Sinclair AJ, et al. Multiple micronutrient supplementation improves micronutrient status in primary school children in Hai Phong City, Vietnam: a randomised controlled trial. Scientific Reports 2021;11(1):3728. [DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83129-9] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
ACTRN12617000960358 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12617000960358. Fibre supplementation to decrease hunger, improve chronic disease risk factors and weight loss in overweight and obese children. https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=373193&... (first submitted 29 June 2017).
IRCT20211226053529N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20211226053529N1. The effect of synbiotics on reducing insulin resistance in overweight or obese children. https://irct.behdasht.gov.ir/trial/60929 (first submitted 31 December 2021).
NCT02721953 {published data only}
    1. NCT02721953. Effects of butyrate on insulin resistance in children affected by obesity. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02721953 (first submitted 23 March 2016).
NCT02956408 {published data only}
    1. NCT02956408. Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in obese children. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02956408 (first submitted 3 November 2016).
NCT03139773 {published data only}
    1. NCT03139773. Nutrition intervention to measure metabolic response in children. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03139773 (first submitted 8 March 2017).
NCT03196453 {published data only}
    1. NCT03196453. Fit child - clinical study on weight control (FITCHI). https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03196453 (first submitted 20 June 2017).
NCT03670875 {published data only}
    1. NCT03670875. Non-pharmacologic alternatives for the treatment of childhood obesity in Mexico. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03670875 (first submitted 12 September 2018).
NCT04156971 {published data only}
    1. NCT04156971. Effects of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (N-3 LCPUFA) supplementation on body composition, biochemical profile, diet and physical activity of obese children. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04156971 (first submitted 30 October 2019).
NCT04319419 {published data only}
    1. NCT04319419. Effectiveness of a supplement containing milk proteins, vitamins and minerals to reduce fat deposition, systemic inflammation and improve nutritional status in obese school-age children. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04319419 (first submitted 28 February 2020).
NCT04430465 {published data only}
    1. NCT04430465. Effects of wholegrains on children's health (KORN). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04430465 (first submitted 2020).
NCT04685057 {published data only}
    1. NCT04685057. Probiotic treatment for Prader-Willi syndrome. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04685057 (first submitted 2 December 2020).
NCT04871360 {published data only}
    1. NCT04871360. Effect of oral L-citrulline supplementation on liver function and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adolescents with obesity. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04871360 (first submitted 25 April 2021).
NCT04915638 {published data only}
    1. NCT04915638. Evaluation of nutritional status in Chimalhuacán children: anthropometric, biochemical, and molecular approaches. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04915638 (first submitted 18 May 2021).
NCT05766657 {published data only}
    1. NCT05766657. Evaluation of an anti-inflammatory diet in autoimmune and metabolic diseases. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05766657 (first submitted on 2022-12-02).

References to ongoing studies

Alisi 2014 {published data only}
    1. Alisi A, Bedogni G, Baviera G, Giorgio V, Porro E, Paris C, et al. Randomised clinical trial: the beneficial effects of VSL#3 in obese children with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2014;39(11):1276-85. [DOI: 10.1111/apt.12758] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Boque 2021 {published data only}
    1. Boque N, Tarro L, Rosi A, Torrell H, Saldana G, Luengo E, et al. Study protocol of a multicenter randomized controlled trial to tackle obesity through a Mediterranean diet vs. a traditional low-fat diet in adolescents: the MED4Youth study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021;18(9):4841. [DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094841] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
ChiCTR1900026459 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR1900026459. Construction of innovative platform for comprehensive management of simple obesity in children. https://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojEN.html?proj=22601 (first submitted 11 October 2019).
Deehan 2021 {published data only}
    1. Deehan EC, Colin-Ramirez E, Triador L, Madsen KL, Prado CM, Field CJ, et al. Efficacy of metformin and fermentable fiber combination therapy in adolescents with severe obesity and insulin resistance: study protocol for a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Trials 2021;22(1):148. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05060-8] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Dello Russo 2022 {published data only}
    1. Dello Russo M, Russo P, Rufián-Henares JÁ, Hinojosa-Nogueira D, Pérez-Burillo S, De la Cueva SP, et al. The Stance4health project: evaluating a smart personalised nutrition service for gut microbiota modulation in normal- and overweight adults and children with obesity, gluten-related disorders or allergy/intolerance to cow's milk. Foods 2022;11(10):00. [DOI: 10.3390/foods11101480] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Fatahi 2022 {published data only}
    1. Fatahi S, Sayyari AA, Salehi M, Safa M, Sohouli M, Shidfar F, et al. The effects of chitosan supplementation on anthropometric indicators of obesity, lipid and glycemic profles, and appetite-regulated hormones in adolescents with overweight or obesity: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. BMC Pediatrics 2022;22(1):527. [DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03590-x] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Herrera 2018 {published data only}
    1. Herrera L, Strong D, Knight R, Rhee K. Effect of probiotics and dietary changes on adiposity in children. Gastroenterology 2018;154(6):S200. [DOI: 10.1016/S0016-5085(18)31071-0] - DOI
IRCT20180805040703N2 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20180805040703N2. The effect of low-carbohydrate diet on food addiction and gut microflora. https://irct.behdasht.gov.ir/trial/61830 (first submitted 7 May 2022).
Joseph 2019 {published data only}
    1. Joseph N, Clayton JB, Hoops SL, Linhardt CA, Mohd Hashim A, Mohd Yusof BN, et al. Alteration of the gut microbiome in normal and overweight school children from Selangor with lactobacillus fermented milk administration. Evolutionary Bioinformatics 2020;16:1176934320965943. [DOI: 10.1177/1176934320965943] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Joseph N, Vasodavan K, Saipudin NA, Yusof BN, Kumar S, Nordin SA. Gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) profiles of normal and overweight school children in Selangor after probiotics administration. Journal of Functional Foods 2019;57:103-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.03.042] - DOI
NCT04100109 {published data only}
    1. NCT04100109. Evaluating the metabolic effects of polylactose: a novel prebiotic. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04100109 (first submitted 20 September 2019).
NCT04150991 {published data only}
    1. NCT04150991. Fiber intervention on gut microbiota in children with Prader-Willi syndrome. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04150991 (first submitted 15 October 2019).
NCT05540678 {published data only}
    1. NCT05540678. The Fibregum study - changing the course of obesity in children. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05540678 (first submitted 5 September 2022).
NCT05623007 {published data only}
    1. NCT05623007. Dietary modulation of gut microbiota in overweight/obese adolescents and COVID-19 infection (DIVINE). https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05623007 (first submitted 31 October 2022).
NCT06309121 {published data only}
    1. NCT06309121. Effects of the postbiotic blend ABB C3 on adiposity and glucose metabolism in children and adolescents (Postob). https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06309121 (first submitted 27 February 2024).
Solito 2021 {published data only}
    1. Solito A, Cionci NB, Calgaro M, Caputo M, Vannini L, Hasballa I, et al. Supplementation with Bifidobacterium breve BR03 and B632 strains improved insulin sensitivity in children and adolescents with obesity in a cross-over, randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2021;40(7):4585-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.06.002] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Solito A, Ricotti R, Archero F, Aloisio I, Giglione E, Cionci NB, et al. Efficacy of the treatment with Bifidobacterium breve B632 and Bifidobacterium breve BR03 on endocrine response to the oral glucose tolerance test in pediatric obesity: a cross-over double blind randomized controlled trial. High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention 2018;25(2):226-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s40292-018-0249-0] - DOI

Additional references

Abedi 2014
    1. Abedi E, Sahari MA. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid sources and evaluation of their nutritional and functional properties. Food Science & Nutrition 2014;2(5):443-63. [DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.121] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Allaband 2019
    1. Allaband C, McDonald D, Vázquez-Baeza Y, Minich JJ, Tripathi A, Brenner DA, et al. Microbiome 101: studying, analyzing, and interpreting gut microbiome data for clinicians. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2019;17(2):218-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.09.017] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Altman 2003
    1. Altman DG, Bland JM. Interaction revisited: the difference between two estimates. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 2003;326(7382):219. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Amalia 2022
    1. Amalia R, Pramono A, Afifah DN, Noer ER, Muniroh M, Kumoro AC. Mangrove fruit (Bruguiera gymnorhiza) increases circulating GLP-1 and PYY, modulates lipid profiles, and reduces systemic inflammation by improving SCFA levels in obese Wistar rats. Heliyon 2022;8(10):e10887. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10887] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Armet 2022
    1. Armet AM, Deehan EC, O’Sullivan AF, Mota JF, Field CJ, Prado CM, et al. Rethinking healthy eating in light of the gut microbiome. Cell Host & Microbe 2022;30(6):764-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.04.016] - DOI - PubMed
Balfegó 2016
    1. Balfegó M, Canivell S, Hanzu FA, Sala-Vila A, Martínez-Medina M, Murillo S, et al. Effects of sardine-enriched diet on metabolic control, inflammation and gut microbiota in drug-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes: a pilot randomized trial. Lipids in Health and Disease 2016;15:78. [DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0245-0] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Barber 2020
    1. Barber TM, Kabisch S, Pfeiffer AF, Weickert MO. The health benefits of dietary fibre. Nutrients 2020;12(10):3209. [DOI: 10.3390/nu12103209] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Belamarich 2000
    1. Belamarich PF, Luder E, Kattan M, Mitchell H, Islam S, Lynn H, et al. Do obese inner-city children with asthma have more symptoms than nonobese children with asthma? Pediatrics 2000;106(6):1436-41. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.106.6.1436] - DOI - PubMed
Bell 2013
    1. Bell ML, McKenzie JE. Designing psycho-oncology randomised trials and cluster randomised trials: variance components and intra-cluster correlation of commonly used psychosocial measures. Psycho-Oncology 2013;22(8):1738-47. - PubMed
Bervoets 2013
    1. Bervoets L, Van Hoorenbeeck K, Kortleven I, Van Noten C, Hens N, Vael C, et al. Differences in gut microbiota composition between obese and lean children: a cross-sectional study. Gut Pathogens 2013;5(1):10. [DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-5-10] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Biyong 2021
    1. Biyong EF, Alfos S, Dumetz F, Helbling JC, Aubert A, Brossaud J, et al. Dietary vitamin A supplementation prevents early obesogenic diet-induced microbiota, neuronal and cognitive alterations. International Journal of Obesity 2021;45(3):588-98. [DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-00723-z] - DOI - PubMed
Blaner 2020
    1. Blaner William S. Vitamin A and provitamin A carotenoids. In: Present Knowledge in Nutrition. Vol. 1. Elsevier, 2020:73-91. [DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-66162-1.00005-6] - DOI
Boets 2017
    1. Boets E, Gomand SV, Deroover L, Preston T, Vermeulen K, De Preter V, et al. Systemic availability and metabolism of colonic-derived short-chain fatty acids in healthy subjects: a stable isotope study. Journal of Physiology 2017;595(2):541-55. [DOI: 10.1113/JP272613] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Boscaini 2022
    1. Boscaini S, Leigh SJ, Lavelle A, García-Cabrerizo R, Lipuma T, Clarke G, et al. Microbiota and body weight control: Weight Watchers within? Molecular Metabolism 2022;57:101427. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101427] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Bouter 2018
    1. Bouter K, Bakker GJ, Levin E, Hartstra AV, Kootte RS, Udayappan SD, et al. Differential metabolic effects of oral butyrate treatment in lean versus metabolic syndrome subjects. Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology 2018;9(5):155. [DOI: 10.1038/s41424-018-0025-4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Bäckhed 2004
    1. Bäckhed F, Ding H, Wang T, Hooper LV, Koh GY, Nagy A, et al. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2004;101(44):15718-23. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0407076101] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Cantu‐Jungles 2023
    1. Thaisa MC, Bruce RH. Tuning expectations to reality: don’t expect increased gut microbiota diversity with dietary fiber. Journal of Nutrition 2023;153(11):3156-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.09.001] - DOI - PubMed
Chang 2019
    1. Chang C-S, Ruan J-W, Kao C-Y. An overview of microbiome based strategies on anti-obesity. Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences 2019;35:7–16. [DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12010] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Chen 2021
    1. Chen L, Wang Z, Wang P, Yu X, Ding H, Wang Z, et al. Effect of long-term and short-term imbalanced ZN manipulation on gut microbiota and screening for microbial markers sensitive to zinc status. Microbiology Spectrum 2021;9(3):e00483-21. [DOI: 10.1128/Spectrum.00483-21] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Chen 2022
    1. Chen S, Yang M, Wang R, Fan X, Tang T, Li P, et al. Suppression of high-fat-diet-induced obesity in mice by dietary folic acid supplementation is linked to changes in gut microbiota. European Journal of Nutrition 2022;61(4):2015-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02769-9] - DOI - PubMed
Cheng 2022
    1. Cheng Z, Zhang L, Yang L, Chu H. The critical role of gut microbiota in obesity. Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022;13:1025706. [DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1025706] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Cho 2023
    1. Cho KY. Association of gut microbiota with obesity in children and adolescents. Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics 2023;66(4):148-54. [DOI: 10.3345/cep.2021.01837] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Chung 2020
    1. Chung WS, Walker AW, Bosscher D, Garcia-Campayo V, Wagner J, Parkhill J, et al. Relative abundance of the Prevotella genus within the human gut microbiota of elderly volunteers determines the inter-individual responses to dietary supplementation with wheat bran arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides. BMC Microbiology 2020;20:283. [DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01968-4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Clarke 2012
    1. Clarke SF, Murphy EF, Nilaweera K, Ross PR, Shanahan F, O'Toole PW, et al. The gut microbiota and its relationship to diet and obesity: new insights. Gut Microbes 2012;3(3):186-202. [DOI: 10.4161/gmic.20168] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Coe 2021
    1. Coe GL, Pinkham NV, Celis AI, Johnson C, DuBois JL, Walk ST. Dynamic gut microbiome changes in response to low-iron challenge. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2021;87(3):e02307-20. [DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02307-20] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Conterno 2011
    1. Conterno L, Fava F, Viola R, Tuohy KM. Obesity and the gut microbiota: does up-regulating colonic fermentation protect against obesity and metabolic disease? Genes & Nutrition 2011;6(3):241-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s12263-011-0230-1] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Coppola 2021
    1. Coppola S, Avagliano C, Calignano A, Berni Canani R. The protective role of butyrate against obesity and obesity-related diseases. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 2021;26(3):682. [DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030682] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Costantini 2017
    1. Costantini L, Molinari R, Farinon B, Merendino N. Impact of omega-3 fatty acids on the gut microbiota. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2017;18(12):2645. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122645] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Covidence 2022 [Computer program]
    1. Covidence Systematic Review software. Melbourne, Australia: Veritas Health Innovation, 2022. Available at www.covidence.org.
Cui 2017
    1. Cui C, Li Y, Gao H, Zhang H, Han J, Zhang D, et al. Modulation of the gut microbiota by the mixture of fish oil and krill oil in high-fat diet-induced obesity mice. PloS One 2017;12(10):e0186216. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186216] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Curone 2022
    1. Curone G, Biscarini F, Cotozzolo E, Menchetti L, Dal Bosco A, Riva F, et al. Could dietary supplementation with different sources of N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids modify the rabbit gut microbiota? Antibiotics 2022;11(2):227. [DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020227] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Cuschieri 2019
    1. Cuschieri S. The CONSORT statement. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2019;13(Suppl 1):S27-S30. [DOI: 10.4103/sja.SJA_559_18] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Dahl 2021
    1. Dahl WJ, Auger J, Alyousif Z, Miller JL, Tompkins TA. Adults with Prader-Willi syndrome exhibit a unique microbiota profile. BMC Research Notes 2021;14:1-7. [DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05470-6] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Dao 2016
    1. Dao MC, Everard A, Aron-Wisnewsky J, Sokolovska N, Prifti E, Verger EO, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila and improved metabolic health during a dietary intervention in obesity: relationship with gut microbiome richness and ecology. Gut 2016;65(3):426-36. [DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308778] - DOI - PubMed
Davani‐Davari 2019
    1. Davani-Davari D, Negahdaripour M, Karimzadeh I, Seifan M, Mohkam M, Masoumi SJ, et al. Prebiotics: definition, types, sources, mechanisms, and clinical applications. Foods 2019;8(3):1-27. [DOI: 10.3390/foods8030092] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
De Oliveira 2021
    1. De Oliveira S, Feijo GD, Neto J, Jantsch J, Braga MF, Castro LF, et al. Zinc supplementation decreases obesity-related neuroinflammation and improves metabolic function and memory in rats. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2021;29(1):116-24. [DOI: 10.1002/oby.23024] - DOI - PubMed
Deeks 2023
    1. Deeks JJ, Higgins JP, Altman DG. Chapter 10: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al, editors(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.4 (updated August 2023). Cochrane, 2023.
Deering 2019
    1. Deering KE, Devine A, O'Sullivan TA, Lo J, Boyce MC, Christophersen CT. Characterizing the composition of the pediatric gut microbiome: a systematic review. Nutrients 2019;12(1):16. [DOI: 10.3390/nu12010016] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Delzenne 2024
    1. Delzenne NM, Bindels LB, Neyrinck AM, Walter J. The gut microbiome and dietary fibres: implications in obesity, cardiometabolic diseases and cancer. Nature Reviews. Microbiology 2024;22:1-14. [DOI: 10.1038/s41579-024-01108-z] - DOI - PubMed
Ells 2018
    1. Ells LJ, Rees K, Brown T, Mead E, Al-Khudairy L, Azevedo L, et al. Interventions for treating children and adolescents with overweight and obesity: an overview of Cochrane reviews. International Journal of Obesity 2018;42(11):1823-33. [DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0230-y] - DOI - PubMed
Facchin 2024
    1. Facchin S, Bertin L, Bonazzi E, Lorenzon G, De Barba C, Barberio B, et al. Short-chain fatty acids and human health: from metabolic pathways to current therapeutic implications. Life (Chicago, Ill) 2024;14(5):559. [DOI: 10.3390/life14050559] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Fahim 2023
    1. Fahim SM, Huey S, Agarwal N, Palma Molina X, Rajagopalan K, Shrestha N, et al, National Institute of Health and Care Research. Gut microbiome-based interventions for the management of obesity in children up to the age of 9 years (CRD42023421180). PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews 2023 (accessed prior to 17 June 2025):Available from: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023421180. [PROSPERO: CRD42023421180]
Fahim 2023a
    1. Fahim SM, Huey S, Agarwal N, Palma Molina X, Rajagopalan K, Shrestha N, et al, National Institute of Health and Care Research. Gut microbiome-based interventions for the management of obesity in children and adolescents aged 10 to 19 years (CRD42023421181). PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews 2023 (accessed prior to 17 June 2025):Available from: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023421181. [PROSPERO: CRD42023421181]
Fathi 2020
    1. Fathi M, Alavinejad P, Haidari Z, Amani R. The effect of zinc supplementation on steatosis severity and liver function enzymes in overweight/obese patients with mild to moderate non-alcoholic fatty liver following calorie-restricted diet: a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Biological Trace Element Research 2020;197:394-404. [DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-02015-8] - DOI - PubMed
Fernández‐Real 2015
    1. Fernández-Real JM, McClain D, Manco M. Mechanisms linking glucose homeostasis and iron metabolism toward the onset and progression of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015;38(11):2169-76. [DOI: 10.2337/dc14-3082] - DOI - PubMed
Flemyng 2023
    1. Flemyng E, Moore TH, Boutron I, Higgins JP, Hróbjartsson A, Nejstgaard CH, et al. Using Risk of Bias 2 to assess results from randomised controlled trials: guidance from Cochrane. BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine 2023;28(4):260-6. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjebm-2022-112102] - DOI - PubMed
Gao 2009
    1. Gao Z, Yin J, Zhang J, Ward RE, Martin RJ, Lefevre M, et al. Butyrate improves insulin sensitivity and increases energy expenditure in mice. Diabetes 2009;58(7):1509-17. [DOI: 10.2337/db08-1637] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Geng 2022
    1. Geng J, Ni Q, Sun W, Li L, Feng X. The links between gut microbiota and obesity and obesity-related diseases. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 2022;147:112678. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112678] - DOI - PubMed
Ghosh 2020
    1. Ghosh TS, Rampelli S, Jeffery IB, Santoro A, Neto M, Capri M, et al. Mediterranean diet intervention alters the gut microbiome in older people reducing frailty and improving health status: the NU-AGE 1-year dietary intervention across five European countries. Gut 2020;69:1218-28. [DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319654] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Gill 2022
    1. Gill VJ, Soni S, Shringarpure M, Anusheel, Bhardwaj S, Yadav NK, et al. Gut microbiota interventions for the management of obesity: a literature review. Cureus 2022;14(9):e29317. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.29317] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Global Nutrition Report 2021
    1. Global Nutrition Report: The state of global nutrition. https://globalnutritionreport.org/documents/851/2021_Global_Nutrition_Re... 2021 (accessed prior to 17 June 2025). [ISBN: 978-1-8381530-4-5]
González‐Domínguez 2020
    1. González-Domínguez Á, Visiedo-García FM, Domínguez-Riscart J, González-Domínguez R, Mateos RM, Lechuga-Sancho AM. Iron metabolism in obesity and metabolic syndrome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2020;21(15):5529. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155529] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Gosselin 2017
    1. Gosselin KB, Aboud S, McDonald CM, Moyo S, Khavari N, Manji K, et al. Etiology of diarrhea, nutritional outcomes, and novel intestinal biomarkers in Tanzanian infants. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2017;64(1):104-8. [DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001323] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
GRADE Handbook 2013
    1. Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A (editors), The GRADE Working Group. Handbook for grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations using the GRADE approach. guidelinedevelopment.org/handbook 2013 (accessed prior to 17 June 2025).
GRADEpro GDT 2022 [Computer program]
    1. GRADEpro GDT: GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool. Hamilton (ON): McMaster University and Evidence Prime, 2022. Available at gradepro.org.
Grummer‐Strawn 2009
    1. Grummer-Strawn L, Krebs NF, Reinold CM. Use of World Health Organization and CDC growth charts for children aged 0-59 months in the United States. Recommendations and Reports: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2010;59(RR-9):1-15. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Guan 2021
    1. Guan ZW, Yu EZ. Soluble dietary fiber, one of the most important nutrients for the gut microbiota. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 2021;26(22):6802. [DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226802] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Gurram 2019
    1. Gurram B, Sue PK. Fecal microbiota transplantation in children: current concepts. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 2019;31(5):623-9. [DOI: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000787] - DOI - PubMed
Gøbel 2012
    1. Gøbel RJ, Larsen N, Jakobsen M, Mølgaard C, Michaelsen KF. Probiotics to adolescents with obesity: effects on inflammation and metabolic syndrome. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2012;55(6):673-8. [DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e318263066c] - DOI - PubMed
Hamamah 2022
    1. Hamamah S, Gheorghita R, Lobiuc A, Sirbu IO, Covasa M. Fecal microbiota transplantation in non-communicable diseases: recent advances and protocols. Frontiers in Medicine 2022;9:1060581. [DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1060581] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Healey 2020
    1. Healey GR, Celiberto LS, Lee SM, Jacobson K. Fiber and prebiotic interventions in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: what role does the gut microbiome play? Nutrients 2020;12(10):3204. [DOI: 10.3390/nu12103204] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Higdon 2014
    1. Higdon J, Drake VJ, Delage B, McNulty H, Linus Pauling Institute. Folate. https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/folate 2023 (accessed prior to 17 June 2025).
Higdon 2015
    1. Higdon J, Drake VJ, Delage B, Pearce EN, Linus Pauling Institute. Iodine. https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/iodine 2015 (accessed prior to 17 June 2025).
Higdon 2016
    1. Higdon J, Drake VJ, Delage B, Wessling-Resnick M, Linus Pauling Institute. Iron. https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/iron 2016 (accessed prior to 17 June 2025).
Higdon 2019
    1. Higdon J, Drake VJ, Delage B, Ho E, Linus Pauling Institute. Zinc. https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/zinc 2019 (accessed prior to 17 June 2025).
Higdon 2023
    1. Higdon J, Drake V, Delage B, Miller JW, Linus Pauling Institute. Vitamin B12. https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/vitamin-B12 2023 (accessed prior to 17 June 2025).
Higdon 2024
    1. Higdon J, Drake VC, Delage B, Ross AC, Tan L, Linus Pauling Institute. Vitamin A. https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/vitamin-A 2024 (accessed prior to 17 June 2025).
Higgins 2002
    1. Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine 2002;21(11):1539-58. [DOI: 10.1002/sim.1186] - DOI - PubMed
Higgins 2003
    1. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 2003;327(7414):557-60. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2023
    1. Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ et al, (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.4 (updated August 2023) (available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook). Cochrane, 2023.
Higgins 2023a
    1. Higgins JP, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Sterne JA. Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in a randomized trial. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al, editors(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.4 (updated August 2023) (available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook). Cochrane, 2023.
Hill 2014
    1. Hill C, Guarner F, Reid G, Gibson GR, Merenstein DJ, Pot B, et al. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2014;11(8):506-14. [DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2014.66] - DOI - PubMed
Hitch 2022
    1. Hitch TC, Hall LJ, Walsh SK, Leventhal GE, Slack E, De Wouters T, et al. Microbiome-based interventions to modulate gut ecology and the immune system. Mucosal Immunology 2022;15:1095–1113. [DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00564-1] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Holscher 2017
    1. Holscher HD. Dietary fiber and prebiotics and the gastrointestinal microbiota. Gut Microbes 2017;8(2):172-84. [DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2017.1290756] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Hon 2014
    1. Hon SL. Vitamin A. In: Wexler, P, editors(s). Encyclopedia of Toxicology. 3rd edition. Oxford: Academic Press, 2014:960-1. [DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-386454-3.00797-1] - DOI
Huang 2016
    1. Huang CW, Chien YS, Chen YJ, Ajuwon KM, Mersmann HM, Ding ST. Role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in ameliorating the obesity-induced metabolic syndrome in animal models and humans. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2016;17(10):1689. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101689] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Ignacio 2016
    1. Ignacio A, Fernandes MR, Rodrigues VA, Groppo FC, Cardoso AL, Avila-Campos MJ, et al. Correlation between body mass index and faecal microbiota from children. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2016;22:e1–8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.10.031] - DOI - PubMed
IOM 2006
    1. Hellwig JP, Meyers LD, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements (available in https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11537/dietary-reference-intake...). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2006. [DOI: 10.17226/11537] - DOI
Ipar 2015
    1. Ipar N, Aydogdu SD, Yildirim GK, Inal M, Gies I, Vandenplas Y, et al. Effects of synbiotics on anthropometry, lipid profile and oxidative stress in obese children. Beneficial Microbes 2015;6(6):775-82. [DOI: 10.3920/BM2015.0011] - DOI - PubMed
Jayachandran 2018
    1. Jayachandran M, Chen J, Chung SS, Xu B. A critical review on the impacts of β-glucans on gut microbiota and human health. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 2018;61:101-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.06.010] - DOI - PubMed
Jeffery 2013
    1. Jeffery IB, O'Toole PW. Diet-microbiota interactions and their implications for healthy living. Nutrients 2013;5(1):234-52. [DOI: 10.3390/nu5010234] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Jiang 2025
    1. Jiang Z, He L, Li D, Zhuo L, Chen L, Shi RQ, et al. Human gut microbial aromatic amino acid and related metabolites prevent obesity through intestinal immune control. Nature Metabolism 2025;2522-5812:1-15. [DOI: 10.1038/s42255-025-01246-5] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Johnstone 2020
    1. Johnstone AM, Kelly J, Ryan S, Romero-Gonzalez R, McKinnon H, Fyfe C, et al. Nondigestible carbohydrates affect metabolic health and gut microbiota in overweight adults after weight loss. Journal of Nutrition 2020;150(7):1859-70. [DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa124] - DOI - PubMed
Kaliannan 2015
    1. Kaliannan K, Wang B, Li XY, Kim KJ, Kang JX. A host-microbiome interaction mediates the opposing effects of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids on metabolic endotoxemia. Scientific Reports 2015;5:11276. [DOI: 10.1038/srep11276] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Karlsson 2012
    1. Karlsson CL, Onnerfält J, Xu J, Molin G, Ahrné S, Thorngren-Jerneck K. The microbiota of the gut in preschool children with normal and excessive body weight. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2022;20(11):2257-61. [DOI: 10.1038/oby.2012.110] - DOI - PubMed
Kelishadi 2014
    1. Kelishadi R, Farajian S, Safavi M, Mirlohi M, Hashemipour M. A randomized triple-masked controlled trial on the effects of synbiotics on inflammation markers in overweight children. Jornal de Pediatria 2014;90(2):161-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2013.07.003] - DOI - PubMed
Kianifar 2018
    1. Kianifar HR, Ahanchian H, Safarian M, Javid A, Farsad-Naeimi Al, Jafari SA, et al. Effects of synbiotics on anthropometric indices of obesity in children. Topics in Clinical Nutrition 2018;33(2):118-26. [DOI: 10.1097/TIN.0000000000000134] - DOI
Kim 2019
    1. Kim B, Choi H-N, Yim J-E. Effect of diet on the gut microbiota associated with obesity. Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome 2019;28(4):216–24. [DOI: 10.7570/jomes.2019.28.4.216] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kjølbæk 2020
    1. Kjølbæk L, Benítez-Páez A, Gómez Del Pulgar EM, Brahe LK, Liebisch G, Matysik S, et al. Arabinoxylan oligosaccharides and polyunsaturated fatty acid effects on gut microbiota and metabolic markers in overweight individuals with signs of metabolic syndrome: a randomized cross-over trial. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2020;39(1):67-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.01.012] - DOI - PubMed
Kong 2021
    1. Kong XJ, Liu K, Zhuang P, Tian R, Liu S, Clairmont C, et al. The effects of limosilactobacillus reuteri LR-99 supplementation on body mass index, social communication, fine motor function, and gut microbiome composition in individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins 2021;13(6):1508-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09800-9] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kong 2021a
    1. Kong XJ, Wan G, Tian R, Liu S, Liu K, Clairmont C, et al. The effects of probiotic supplementation on anthropometric growth and gut microbiota composition in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. Frontiers in Nutrition 2021;8:587974. [DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.587974] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kouvari 2022
    1. Kouvari M, Karipidou M, Tsiampalis T, Mamalaki E, Poulimeneas D, Bathrellou E, et al. Digital health interventions for weight management in children and adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2022;24(2):e30675. [DOI: 10.2196/30675] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kuczmarski 2000
    1. Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Grummer-Strawn LM, Flegal KM, Guo SS, Wei R, et al. CDC growth charts: United States. Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics 2000;314:1-27. - PubMed
Kumar 2017
    1. Kumar S, Kelly AS. Review of childhood obesity: from epidemiology, etiology, and comorbidities to clinical assessment and treatment. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2017;92:251-65. - PubMed
Kumar 2022
    1. Kumar M, Pal N, Sharma P, Kumawat M, Sarma DK, Nabi B, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids and their interaction with the gut microbiome in the prevention and amelioration of type-2 diabetes. Nutrients 2022;14(9):1723. [DOI: 10.3390/nu14091723] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kunisawa 2022
    1. Kunisawa J. Future prospects for food research in the post-microbiome era. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 2022;68:S23-S25. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.68.S23] - DOI - PubMed
Kuo 2013
    1. Kuo S-M. The interplay between fiber and the intestinal microbiome in the inflammatory response. Advances in Nutrition 2013;4(1):16-28. [DOI: 10.3945/an.112.003046] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lam 2015
    1. Lam YY, Ha CW, Hoffmann JM, Oscarsson J, Dinudom A, Mather TJ, et al. Effects of dietary fat profile on gut permeability and microbiota and their relationships with metabolic changes in mice. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2015;23(7):1429-39. [DOI: 10.1002/oby.21122] - DOI - PubMed
Lares‐Michel 2023
    1. Lares-Michel M, Reyes-Castillo Z, Housni FE. Towards the characterisation of sustainable diet's gut microbiota composition and functions: a narrative review. Gut Microbiome (Cambridge, England) 2023;4:e15. [DOI: 10.1017/gmb.2023] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Larsen 2013
    1. Larsen N, Vogensen FK, Gøbel RJ, Michaelsen KF, Forssten SD, Lahtinen SJ, et al. Effect of Lactobacillus salivarius Ls-33 on fecal microbiota in obese adolescents. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2013;32(6):935-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2013.02.007] - DOI - PubMed
Lassi 2016
    1. Lassi ZS, Moin A, Bhutta ZA. Zinc supplementation for the prevention of pneumonia in children aged 2 months to 59 months. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 12. Art. No: CD005978. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005978.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Le Chatelier 2013
    1. Le Chatelier E, Nielsen T, Qin J, Prifti E, Hildebrand F, Falony G, et al. Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers. Nature 2013;500(7464):541-6. [DOI: 10.1038/nature12506] - DOI - PubMed
Lee 2020
    1. Lee CJ, Sears CL, Maruthur N. Gut microbiome and its role in obesity and insulin resistance. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2020;1461(1):37-52. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14107] - DOI - PubMed
Lee 2020a
    1. Lee S, Knotts TA, Goodson ML, Barboza M, Wudeck E, England G, et al. Metabolic responses to butyrate supplementation in LF- and HF-fed mice are cohort-dependent and associated with changes in composition and function of the gut microbiota. Nutrients 2020;12(11):3524. [DOI: 10.3390/nu12113524] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Leeming 2019
    1. Leeming ER, Johnson AJ, Spector TD, Le Roy CI. Effect of diet on the gut microbiota: rethinking intervention duration. Nutrients 2019;11(12):2862. [DOI: 10.3390/nu11122862] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lefebvre 2022
    1. Lefebvre C, Glanville J, Briscoe S, Littlewood A, Marshall C, Metzendorf MI, et al. Chapter 4: Searching for and selecting studies. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al (editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.3 (updated February 2022). Cochrane 2022. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v6.3.
Leong 2020
    1. Leong K, Jayasinghe TN, Wilson BC, Derraik J, Albert BB, Chiavaroli V, et al. Effects of fecal microbiome transfer in adolescents with obesity: the Gut Bugs randomized controlled trial. JAMA Network Open 2020;3(12):e2030415. [DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.30415] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Leong C 2020
    1. Leong C, Haszard JJ, Heath AM, Tannock GW, Lawley B, Cameron SL, et al. Using compositional principal component analysis to describe children's gut microbiota in relation to diet and body composition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2020;111(1):70-8. [DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz270] - DOI - PubMed
Li 2018
    1. Li W, Tang R, Ma F, Ouyang S, Liu Z, Wu J. Folic acid supplementation alters the DNA methylation profile and improves insulin resistance in high-fat-diet-fed mice. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 2018;59:76-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.05.010] - DOI - PubMed
Liu 2020
    1. Liu Z, De Vries B, Gerritsen J, Smidt H, Zoetendal EG. Microbiome-based stratification to guide dietary interventions to improve human health. Nutrition Research (New York, N.Y.) 2020;82:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.07.004] - DOI - PubMed
Liu 2021
    1. Liu BN, Liu XT, Liang ZH, Wang JH. Gut microbiota in obesity. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2021;27(25):3837-50. [DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i25.3837] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lorente‐Cebrián 2013
    1. Lorente-Cebrián S, Costa AG, Navas-Carretero S, Zabala M, Martínez JA, Moreno-Aliaga MJ. Role of omega-3 fatty acids in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases: a review of the evidence. Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry 2013;69(3):633-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-013-0265-4] - DOI - PubMed
Louis 2016
    1. Louis P, Flint HJ, Michel C. How to manipulate the microbiota: prebiotics. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2016;902:119-42. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31248-4_9] - DOI - PubMed
Lu 2016
    1. Lu Y, Fan C, Li P, Lu Y, Chang X, Qi K. Short chain fatty acids prevent high-fat-diet-induced obesity in mice by regulating G protein-coupled receptors and gut microbiota. Scientific Reports 2016;6:37589. [DOI: 10.1038/srep37589] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Luo 2024
    1. Luo Y, Li M, Luo D, Tang B. Gut microbiota: an important participant in childhood obesity. Advances in Nutrition 2024;16(2):100362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100362] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Luoto 2010
    1. Luoto R, Laitinen K, Nermes M, Isolauri E. Impact of maternal probiotic-supplemented dietary counselling on pregnancy outcome and prenatal and postnatal growth: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. British Journal of Nutrition 2010;103(12):1792-9. [DOI: 10.1017/S0007114509993898] - DOI - PubMed
Lynch 2016
    1. Lynch SV, Pedersen O. The human intestinal microbiome in health and disease. New England Journal of Medicine 2016;375(24):2369-79. [DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1600266] - DOI - PubMed
Lyon 2023
    1. Lyon J II, Connell M, Chandrasekaran K, Srivastava S. Effect of synbiotics on weight loss and metabolic health in adults with overweight and obesity: a randomized controlled trial. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2023;31(8):2009-20. [DOI: 10.1002/oby.23801] - DOI - PubMed
Machate 2020
    1. Machate DJ, Figueiredo PS, Marcelino G, Guimarães RC, Hiane PA, Bogo D, et al. Fatty acid diets: regulation of gut microbiota composition and obesity and its related metabolic dysbiosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2020;21(11):4093. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114093] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Mayneris‐Perxachs 2021
    1. Mayneris-Perxachs J, Cardellini M, Hoyles L, Latorre J, Davato F, Moreno-Navarrete JM, et al. Iron status influences non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obesity through the gut microbiome. Microbiome 2021;9(1):1-18. [DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01052-7] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Mazloom 2019
    1. Mazloom K, Siddiqi I, Covasa M. Probiotics: how effective are they in the fight against obesity? Nutrients 2019;11(2):258. [DOI: 10.3390/nu11020258] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
McKenzie 2023
    1. McKenzie JE, Brennan SE. Chapter 12: Synthesizing and presenting findings using other methods. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.4 (updated August 2023), Cochrane 2023. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook.
Merrick 2020
    1. Merrick B, Allen L, Zain NM, Forbes B, Shawcross DL, Goldenberg SD. Regulation, risk and safety of faecal microbiota transplant. Infection Prevention in Practice 2020;2(3):100069. [DOI: 10.1016/j.infpip.2020.100069] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Moon 2021
    1. Moon CM, Hong SN. Fecal microbiota transplantation beyond clostridioides difficile infection. Clinical Endoscopy 2021;54(2):149. [DOI: 10.5946/ce.2021.068] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Mori 2013
    1. Mori TA, Hodgson JM. Fatty acids: health effects of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. In: Caballero B, editors(s). Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition. 3rd edition. Waltham: Academic Press, 2013:209-14. [DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-375083-9.00100-8] - DOI
Morowitz 2011
    1. Morowitz MJ, Carlisle EM, Alverdy JC. Contributions of intestinal bacteria to nutrition and metabolism in the critically ill. Surgical Clinics of North America 2011;91(4):771-85, viii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2011.05.001] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Mosso 2018
    1. Mosso AL, Jimenez ME, Vignolo G, LeBlanc JG, Samman NC. Increasing the folate content of tuber based foods using potentially probiotic lactic acid bacteria. Food Research International (Ottawa, Ont.) 2018;109:168-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.03.073] - DOI - PubMed
Mujico 2013
    1. Mujico JR, Baccan GC, Gheorghe A, Díaz LE, Marcos A. Changes in gut microbiota due to supplemented fatty acids in diet-induced obese mice. British Journal of Nutrition 2013;110(4):711-20. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512005612] - DOI - PubMed
Nagata 2017
    1. Nagata S, Chiba Y, Wang C, Yamashiro Y. The effects of the Lactobacillus casei strain on obesity in children: a pilot study. Beneficial Microbes 2017;8(4):535-43. [DOI: 10.3920/BM2016.0170] - DOI - PubMed
Napolitano 2020
    1. Napolitano M, Covasa M. Microbiota transplant in the treatment of obesity and diabetes: current and future perspectives. Frontiers in Microbiology 2020;11:590370. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.590370] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Neyrinck 2010
    1. Neyrinck AM, Delzenne NM. Potential interest of gut microbial changes induced by non-digestible carbohydrates of wheat in the management of obesity and related disorders. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 2010;13(6):722-8. [DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32833ec3fb] - DOI - PubMed
Nicolucci 2017
    1. Nicolucci AC, Hume MP, Martínez I, Mayengbam S, Walter J, Reimer RA. Prebiotics reduce body fat and alter intestinal microbiota in children who are overweight or with obesity. Gastroenterology 2017;153(3):711-22. [DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.05.055] - DOI - PubMed
NIH 2023
    1. National Institutes of Health. Probiotics: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Probiotics-HealthProfessional/ (last updated November 2023) (accessed prior to 17 June 2025).
NIH 2023a
    1. National Institutes of Health. Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/ (last updated February 2023) (accessed prior to 17 June 2025).
NIH 2023b
    1. National Institutes of Health. Vitamins and Minerals. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/vitamins-and-minerals (last updated July 2023) (accessed prior to 17 June 2025).
Oh 2019
    1. Oh TJ, Sul WJ, Oh HN, Lee YK, Lim HL, Choi SH, et al. Butyrate attenuated fat gain through gut microbiota modulation in DB/DB mice following dapagliflozin treatment. Scientific Reports 2019;9(1):20300. [DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56684-5] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Olsson 2020
    1. Olsson LM, Poitou C, Tremaroli V, Coupaye M, Aron-Wisnewsky J, Bäckhed F, et al. Gut microbiota of obese subjects with Prader-Willi syndrome is linked to metabolic health. Gut 2020;69(7):1229-38. [DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319322] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Page 2019
    1. Page MJ, Higgins JPT, Sterne JAC. Assessing risk of bias due to missing results in a synthesis. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.0 (updated September 2019). Cochrane 2019. Available at training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v6.0. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119536604.ch13] - DOI
Page 2021
    1. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 2021;372:n71. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n71] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Page 2023
    1. Page MJ, Higgins JP, Sterne JA. Chapter 13: Assessing risk of bias due to missing results in a synthesis. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.4 (updated August 2023). Cochrane 2023. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v6.4.
Patterson 2014
    1. Patterson E, O' Doherty RM, Murphy EF, Wall R, O' Sullivan O, Nilaweera K, et al. Impact of dietary fatty acids on metabolic activity and host intestinal microbiota composition in C57BL/6J mice. British Journal of Nutrition 2014;111(11):1905-17. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514000117] - DOI - PubMed
Peng 2020
    1. Peng Y, Tan Q, Afhami S, Deehan EC, Liang S, Gantz M, et al. The gut microbiota profile in children with Prader-Willi syndrome. Genes 2020;11(8):904. [DOI: 10.3390/genes11080904] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Pillai 2024
    1. Pillai SS, Gagnon CA, Foster C, Ashraf AP. Exploring the gut microbiota: key insights into its role in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2024;109(11):2709-19. [DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae499] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Pompei 2007
    1. Pompei A, Cordisco L, Amaretti A, Zanoni S, Matteuzzi D, Rossi M. Folate production by bifidobacteria as a potential probiotic property. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2007;73(1):179-85. [DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01763-06] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Popovic 2021
    1. Popovic A, Bourdon CE, Wang PW, Guttman DS, Soofi S, Bhutta ZA, et al. Micronutrient supplements can promote disruptive protozoan and fungal communities in the developing infant gut. Nature Communications 2021;12:6729. [DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27010-3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Rasaei 2024
    1. Rasaei N, Heidari M, Esmaeili F, Khosravi S, Baeeri M, Tabatabaei-Malazy O, et al. The effects of prebiotic, probiotic or synbiotic supplementation on overweight/obesity indicators: an umbrella review of the trials’ meta-analyses. Frontiers in Endocrinology 2024;15:1277921. [DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1277921] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Reimer 2017
    1. Reimer RA, Willis HJ, Tunnicliffe JM, Park H, Madsen KL, Soto-Vaca A. Inulin-type fructans and whey protein both modulate appetite but only fructans alter gut microbiota in adults with overweight/obesity: a randomized controlled trial. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 2017;61(11):1700484. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700484] - DOI - PubMed
RevMan Web 2022 [Computer program]
    1. Review Manager Web (RevMan Web). Version 4.3. Cochrane, 2022. Available at: https://revman.cochrane.org/.
Rios‐Covian 2016
    1. Rios-Covian D, Ruas-Madiedo P, Margolles A, Gueimonde M, De Los Reyes-Gavilan CG, Salazar N. Intestinal short chain fatty acids and their link with diet and human health. Frontiers in Microbiology 2016;7:185. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00185] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Rivera‐Piza 2020
    1. Rivera-Piza A, Lee SJ. Effects of dietary fibers and prebiotics in adiposity regulation via modulation of gut microbiota. Applied Biological Chemistry 2020;62(2):1-12. [DOI: 10.1186/s13765-019-0482-9] - DOI
Roberfroid 2010
    1. Roberfroid M, Gibson GR, Hoyles L, McCartney AL, Rastall R, Rowland I, et al. Prebiotic effects: metabolic and health benefits. British Journal of Nutrition 2010;104(S2):S1-S63. [DOI: 10.1017/S0007114510003363] - DOI - PubMed
Ross 2024
    1. Ross FC, Patangia D, Grimaud G, Lavelle A, Dempsey EM, Ross RP, et al. The interplay between diet and the gut microbiome: implications for health and disease. Nature Reviews. Microbiology 2024;22:671–686. [DOI: 10.1038/s41579-024-01068-4] - DOI - PubMed
Rumberger 2014
    1. Rumberger JM, Arch JR, Green A. Butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids increase the rate of lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Peer Journal 2014;2:e611. [DOI: 10.7717/peerj.611] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Régnier 2021
    1. Régnier M, Van Hul M, Knauf C, Cani PC. Gut microbiome, endocrine control of gut barrier function and metabolic diseases. Journal of Endocrinology 2021;248(2):R67–R82. [DOI: 10.1530/JOE-20-0473] - DOI - PubMed
Safavi 2013
    1. Safavi M, Farajian S, Kelishadi R, Mirlohi M, Hashemipour M. The effects of synbiotic supplementation on some cardio-metabolic risk factors in overweight and obese children: a randomized triple-masked controlled trial. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition 2013;64(6):687-93. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2013.775224] - DOI - PubMed
Sahoo 2015
    1. Sahoo K, Sahoo B, Choudhury AK, Sofi NY, Kumar R, Bhadoria AS. Childhood obesity: causes and consequences. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 2015;4(2):187-92. [DOI: 10.4103/2249-4863.154628] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Salden 2018
    1. Salden BN, Troost FJ, Wilms E, Truchado P, Vilchez-Vargas R, Pieper DH, et al. Reinforcement of intestinal epithelial barrier by arabinoxylans in overweight and obese subjects: a randomized controlled trial: Arabinoxylans in gut barrier. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2018;37(2):471-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.01.024] - DOI - PubMed
Sanchis‐Chordà 2019
    1. Sanchis-Chordà J, Del Pulgar EM, Carrasco-Luna J, Benítez-Páez A, Sanz Y, Codoñer-Franch P. Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum CECT 7765 supplementation improves inflammatory status in insulin-resistant obese children. European Journal of Nutrition 2019;58(7):2789-800. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1828-5] - DOI - PubMed
Santesso 2016
    1. Santesso N, Carrasco-Labra A, Langendam M, Brignardello-Petersen R, Mustafa RA, Heus P, et al. Improving GRADE evidence tables part 3: detailed guidance for explanatory footnotes supports creating and understanding GRADE certainty in the evidence judgments. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2016;74:28-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.12.006] - DOI - PubMed
Santesso 2020
    1. Santesso N, Glenton C, Dahm P, Garner P, Akl EA, Alper B, et al. GRADE guidelines 26: informative statements to communicate the findings of systematic reviews of interventions. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2020;119:126-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.10.014] - DOI - PubMed
Sanyaolu 2019
    1. Sanyaolu A, Okorie C, Qi X, Locke J, Rehman S. Childhood and adolescent obesity in the United States: a public health concern. Global Pediatric Health 2019;6:2333794X19891305. [DOI: 10.1177/2333794X19891305] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Sasso 2023
    1. Sasso JM, Ammar RM, Tenchov R, Lemmel S, Kelber O, Grieswelle M, et al. Gut microbiome-brain alliance: a landscape view into mental and gastrointestinal health and disorders. ACS Chemical Neuroscience 2023;14(10):1717-63. [DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00127] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Sbahi 2016
    1. Sbahi H, Di Palma JA. Faecal microbiota transplantation: applications and limitations in treating gastrointestinal disorders. BMJ Open Gastroenterology 2016;3(1):e000087. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjgast-2016-000087] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Scherer 2018
    1. Scherer RW, Meerpohl JJ, Pfeifer N, Schmucker C, Schwarzer G, Von Elm E. Full publication of results initially presented in abstracts. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews 2018;11(11):MR000005. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.MR000005.pub4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Schünemann 2023
    1. Schünemann HJ, Higgins JP, Vist GE, Glasziou P, Akl EA, Skoetz N, et al. Chapter 14: Completing ‘Summary of findings’ tables and grading the certainty of the evidence. In Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.4 (updated August 2023). Cochrane 2023. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v6.4.
Shen 2019
    1. Shen H, Han J, Li Y, Lu C, Zhou J, Li Y, et al. Different host-specific responses in thyroid function and gut microbiota modulation between diet-induced obese and normal mice given the same dose of iodine. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2019;103(8):3537-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09687-1] - DOI - PubMed
Shirvani‐Rad 2021
    1. Shirvani-Rad S, Tabatabaei-Malazy O, Mohseni S, Hasani-Ranjbar S, Soroush AR, Hoseini-Tavassol Z, et al. Probiotics as a complementary therapy for management of obesity: a systematic review. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021;2021:6688450. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/6688450] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Simcox 2013
    1. Simcox JA, McClain DA. Iron and diabetes risk. Cell Metabolism 2013;17(3):329-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.02.007] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Singh 2023
    1. Singh RP, Bhardwaj A. Β-glucans: a potential source for maintaining gut microbiota and the immune system. Frontiers in Nutrition 2023;10:1143682. [DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1143682] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Skinner 2010
    1. Skinner AC, Steiner MJ, Henderson FW, Perrin EM. Multiple markers of inflammation and weight status: cross-sectional analyses throughout childhood. Pediatrics 2010;125(4):e801-e809. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-2182] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Smit 2023
    1. Smit MS, Boelens M, Mölenberg FJ, Raat H, Jansen W. The long-term effects of primary school-based obesity prevention interventions in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatric Obesity 2023;18(3):e12997. [DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12997] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Solito 2021
    1. Solito A, Bozzi Cioncib N, Calgaroc M, Caputod M, Vanninib L, Hasballa I, et al. Supplementation with Bifidobacterium breve BR03 and B632 strains improved insulin sensitivity in children and adolescents with obesity in a cross-over, randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2021;40(7):4585-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.06.002] - DOI - PubMed
Stabler 2020
    1. Stabler SP. Vitamin B12. In: Present Knowledge in Nutrition. 11th edition. London, UK: Academic Press, 2020:257-71. [DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-66162-1.00015-9] - DOI
Stephens 2018
    1. Stephens RW, Arhire L, Covasa M. Gut microbiota: from microorganisms to metabolic organ influencing obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2018;26:801-9. [DOI: 10.1002/oby.22179] - DOI - PubMed
Sterne 2011
    1. Sterne JA, Sutton AJ, Ioannidis JP, Terrin N, Jones DR, Lau J, et al. Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 2011;34:d4002. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.d4002] - DOI - PubMed
Sterne 2019
    1. Sterne JA, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 2019;366:l4898. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l4898] - DOI - PubMed
Strong 2024
    1. Strong TV, Miller JL, McCandless SE, Gevers E, Yanovski JA, Matesevac L, et al. Behavioral changes in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome receiving diazoxide choline extended-release tablets compared to the PATH for PWS natural history study. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders 2024;16(1):22. [DOI: 10.1186/s11689-024-09536-x] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Sumara 2012
    1. Sumara G, Sumara O, Kim JK, Karsenty G. Gut-derived serotonin is a multifunctional determinant to fasting adaptation. Cell Metabolism 2012;16(5):588-600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.09.014] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Turnbaugh 2006
    1. Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, Magrini V, Mardis ER, Gordon JI. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 2006;444:1027–31. [DOI: 10.1038/nature05414] - DOI - PubMed
Turnbaugh 2009
    1. Turnbaugh PJ, Hamady M, Yatsunenko T, Cantarel BL, Duncan A, Ley RE, et al. A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature 2009;45:480-4. [DOI: 10.1038/nature07540] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
USDA 2021
    1. USDA. Questions and Answers on Dietary Fiber. https://www.fda.gov/food/food-labeling-nutrition/questions-and-answers-d... (last updated 17 December 2021) (accessed prior to 17 June 2025).
Valdes 2024
    1. Valdes AM, Louca P, Visconti A, Asnicar F, Bermingham K, Nogal A, et al. Vitamin A carotenoids, but not retinoids, mediate the impact of a healthy diet on gut microbial diversity. BMC Medicine 2024;22:321. [DOI: 10.1186/s12916-024-03543-4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Van den Nieuwboer 2015
    1. Van den Nieuwboer M, Brummer RJ, Guarner F, Morelli L, Cabana M, Claassen E. Safety of probiotics and synbiotics in children under 18 years of age. Beneficial Microbes 2015;6(5):615-30. [DOI: 10.3920/BM2014.0157] - DOI - PubMed
Venegas‐Caleron 2010
    1. Venegas-Caleron M, Sayanova O, Napier JA. An alternative to fish oils: metabolic engineering of oil-seed crops to produce omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Progress in Lipid Research 2010;49(2):108-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2009.10.001] - DOI - PubMed
Watson 2018
    1. Watson H, Mitra S, Croden FC, Taylor M, Wood HM, Perry SL, et al. A randomised trial of the effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplements on the human intestinal microbiota. Gut 2018;67(11):1974. [DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314968] - DOI - PubMed
Wells 2020
    1. Wells JC, Sawaya AL, Wibaek R, Mwangome M, Poullas MS, Yajnik CS, et al. The double burden of malnutrition: aetiological pathways and consequences for health. Lancet 2020;395(10217):75-88. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32472-9] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
West 2020
    1. West AA, Caudill MA, Bailey LB. Folate. In: Present Knowledge in Nutrition. Elsevier, 2020:239-55. [DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-66162-1.00014-7] - DOI
WHO 2023
    1. World Health Organization. Fact Sheets: Adolescent and Young Adult Health. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescents-health-risk... (last updated 28 April 2023) (accessed prior to 17 June 2025).
WHO 2024
    1. World Health Organization. Fact Sheets: Obesity and Overweight. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight (last updated 1 March 2024) (accessed prior to 17 June 2025).
WHO Health Topics
    1. World Health Organization. Health Topics: Adolescent Health. https://www.who.int/health-topics/adolescent-health#tab=tab_1 (accessed prior to 17 June 2025).
Wood 2008
    1. Wood L, Egger M, Gluud LL, Schulz KF, Jüni P, Altman DG, et al. Empirical evidence of bias in treatment effect estimates in controlled trials with different interventions and outcomes: meta-epidemiological study. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 2008;336(7644):601-5. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.39465.451748.AD] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
World Obesity Federation 2022
    1. World Obesity Federation. Coronavirus (COVID-19) & Obesity. https://www.worldobesity.org/news/statement-coronavirus-covid-19-obesity 2022 (accessed prior to 17 June 2025).
Wortelboer 2019
    1. Wortelboer K, Nieuwdorp M, Herrema H. Fecal microbiota transplantation beyond Clostridioides difficile infections. EBioMedicine 2019;44:716-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.05.066] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Wrottesley 2023
    1. Wrottesley SV, Mates E, Brennan E, Bijalwan V, Menezes R, Ray S, et al. Nutritional status of school-age children and adolescents in low-and middle-income countries across seven global regions: a synthesis of scoping reviews. Public Health Nutrition 2023;26(1):63-95. [DOI: 10.1017/S1368980022000350] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Wu 2024
    1. Wu C, Yang F, Zhong H, Hong J, Lin H, Zong M, et al. Obesity-enriched gut microbe degrades myo-inositol and promotes lipid absorption. Cell Host & Microbe 2024;32(8):1301-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2024.06.012] - DOI - PubMed
Xu 2022
    1. Xu Z, Jiang W, Huang W, Lin Y, Chan FK, Ng SC. Gut microbiota in patients with obesity and metabolic disorders - a systematic review. Genes & Nutrition 2022;17(1):2. [DOI: 10.1186/s12263-021-00703-6] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Yin 2024
    1. Yin C, Liu L, Xu D, Li M, Li M, Qin Y, et al. Integrative metagenomic and lipidomic analyses reveal alterations in children with obesity and after lifestyle intervention. Frontiers in Nutrition 2024;11:1423724. [DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1423724] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Yun 2017
    1. Yun Y, Kim HN, Kim SE, Heo SG, Chang Y, Ryu S, et al. Comparative analysis of gut microbiota associated with body mass index in a large Korean cohort. BMC Microbiology 2017;17(1):151. [DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1052-0] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Ze 2012
    1. Ze X, Duncan SH, Louis P, Flint HJ. Ruminococcus bromii is a keystone species for the degradation of resistant starch in the human colon. International Society for Microbial Ecology Journal 2012;6(8):1535-43. [DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2012.4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Zemrani 2021
    1. Zemrani B, Gehri M, Masserey E, Knob C, Pellaton R. A hidden side of the COVID-19 pandemic in children: the double burden of undernutrition and overnutrition. International Journal for Equity in Health 2021;20(1):44. [DOI: 10.1186/s12939-021-01390-w] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Zhang 2015
    1. Zhang C, Yin A, Li H, Wang R, Wu G, Shen J, et al. Dietary modulation of gut microbiota contributes to alleviation of both genetic and simple obesity in children. EBioMedicine 2015;2(8):968-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.07.007] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Zhang 2022
    1. Zhang S, Dang Y. Roles of gut microbiota and metabolites in overweight and obesity of children. Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022;13:994930. [DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.994930] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Zhang 2024
    1. Zhang L, Wang F, Wang R, Sun B, Liu PJ. Effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2024;28:1-15. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2409956] - DOI - PubMed
Zhu 2020
    1. Zhu L, Sha L, Li K, Wang Z, Wang T, Li Y, et al. Dietary flaxseed oil rich in omega-3 suppresses severity of type 2 diabetes mellitus via anti-inflammation and modulating gut microbiota in rats. Lipids in Health and Disease 2020;19(1):20. [DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1167-4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Zikou 2024
    1. Zikou E, Koliaki C, Makrilakis K. The role of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in the management of metabolic diseases in humans: a narrative review. Biomedicines 2024;12:1871. [DOI: 10.3390/ biomedicines12081871] - PMC - PubMed
Zimmermann 2012
    1. Zimmermann MB. Iodine and iodine deficiency disorders. In: Erdman JW, Macdonald IA, Zeisel SH, editors(s). Present Knowledge in Nutrition. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119946045.ch36] - DOI
Zmora 2019
    1. Zmora N, Suez J, Elinav E. You are what you eat: diet, health and the gut microbiota. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2019;16(1):35-56. [DOI: 10.1038/s41575-018-0061-2] - DOI - PubMed
Zolkiewicz 2020
    1. Zolkiewicz J, Marzec A, Ruszczynski M, Feleszko W. Postbiotics - A step beyond pre- and probiotics. Nutrients 2020;12(8):2189. [DOI: 10.3390/nu12082189] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Associated data

LinkOut - more resources