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. 2025 Jul 10;20(7):e0326860.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0326860. eCollection 2025.

Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of heavy Lifting Strength Training versus Usual Care in Head and Neck Cancer Survivors (the LIFTING 2 Trial): A study protocol for a single-centre, phase II, randomized controlled trial

Stephanie M Ntoukas  1 , Margaret L McNeely  2 , Carla M Prado  3 , Kerry S Courneya  1
Affiliations

Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of heavy Lifting Strength Training versus Usual Care in Head and Neck Cancer Survivors (the LIFTING 2 Trial): A study protocol for a single-centre, phase II, randomized controlled trial

Stephanie M Ntoukas et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Background: Despite improvements in treatments, head and neck cancer survivors (HNCS) still endure acute and chronic side effects such as loss of muscular strength, limitations in physical function, fatigue, and swallowing difficulties that impact quality of life (QoL). Light-to-moderate intensity strength training (LMST) has been shown to improve some of these side effects. Heavy lifting strength training (HLST) may further improve outcomes, however, only one pilot study has focused on HNCS. The primary aim of this study is to further establish the feasibility of HLST in HNCS. A secondary aim is to provide preliminary evidence of the effects of a HLST program compared to Usual Care (UC) in HNCS.

Methods: This single-centre, two-armed, randomized controlled trial will aim to recruit 48 HNCS ≥1-year post-treatment, and randomly assign them to a 12-week Heavy Lifting Strength Training (HLST) group or Usual Care (UC) group. With 80% power, a two-tailed alpha of p < 0.05, and adjusting for covariates that explain 25% of the variance in the outcome, we will be able to detect a standardized effect size of 0.80 with 38 (19/group) evaluable HNCS, allowing for a 20% loss to follow-up. The HLST group will exercise twice weekly, progressing to lifting low repetitions of heavy loads at 80% to 100% of maximal perceived exertion, whereas the UC group will not receive any exercise prescription or instruction during the 12-week intervention. The primary efficacy outcome will be upper and lower body muscular strength assessed by 3RM tests. Secondary efficacy outcomes will include health-related fitness and patient-reported outcomes assessed with reliable physical assessments and validated questionnaires.

Significance: Our findings will answer the important question of whether lifting heavier weights is feasible for HNCS and leads to better outcomes compared to lifting no weights. The results will inform future studies comparing exercise intensities in HNCS and other cancer populations.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. CONSORT flow diagram.
Fig 2
Fig 2. Planned intensity progressions in the LIFTING 2 trial.
%1RM: percent of one-repetition maximum.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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