A comprehensive review of ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacological effects, and quality control of Bletilla striata

Abstract

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb.F., belonging to the genus Bletilla in the family Orchidaceae, is known as 'Bai-Ji' according to traditional Chinese medicine theory. It has abundant medicinal value, such as stringent hemostasis, reducing swelling, and promoting muscle growth.

The aim of the review: This review aims to comprehensively summarize the research progress in ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and quality control of B. striata, and to explore this plant's future therapeutic potential and development prospects.

Materials and methods: A comprehensive information search on B. striata was conducted through the following scientific databases: Elsevier, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ACS publications, Wiley, Taylor & Francis, CNKI, SpringerLink, and ancient books.

Results: 294 compounds have been identified from B. striata, including 272 non-polysaccharide compounds and 22 polysaccharides. Studies have demonstrated that the extracts and compounds from B. striata exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as anti-cancer, antiviral, anti-melanin, antibacterial, anti-ulcer, anti-aging, anti-fibrosis, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, wound-healing, neuroprotective, and haemostasis effects. The safety evaluation of the potential components of B. striata is of great significance for safe clinical application.

Conclusions: As a traditional medicinal herb, B. striata has demonstrated various pharmacological activities; however, most studies have primarily relied on simplified in vitro cell models or basic animal disease models to evaluate its bioactivities. Therefore, future investigations should adopt more clinically relevant approaches to elucidate its mechanisms of action comprehensively to ensure the safe and effective clinical application of B. striata, it is strongly recommended that forthcoming research prioritize toxicity assessments and pharmacokinetic profiling. Moreover, as a rare and endangered species, its cultivation and conservation strategies warrant further investigation to support the sustainable utilization of this valuable resource.

Keywords: B. striata; Ethnopharmacology; Pharmacology; Phytochemistry; Safety.