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Review
. 2025 Jun 20;17(13):2061.
doi: 10.3390/nu17132061.

A Comprehensive Perspective on the Biological Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Periodic Short-Term Fasting: A Promising Strategy for Optimizing Metabolic Health

Barbara Ciastek  1 , Karolina Kapłon  1 , Przemysław Domaszewski  1
Affiliations
Review

A Comprehensive Perspective on the Biological Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Periodic Short-Term Fasting: A Promising Strategy for Optimizing Metabolic Health

Barbara Ciastek et al. Nutrients. .

Abstract

It is well established that different fasting strategies offer a range of benefits and may even serve as potential therapeutic approaches for metabolic diseases. The biological effects of intermittent fasting (IF) are multidimensional, involving the induction of metabolic switching from glucose to fatty acid and ketone utilization, thereby enhancing fat metabolism and improving glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. In addition, IF modulates the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1 (GH/IGF-1) axis by lowering IGF-1 levels, a change associated with enhanced cellular protection, reduced tumorigenesis, and delayed aging. Moreover, IF modulates key signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinases, Notch, and nuclear factor kappa B, which collectively contribute to reduced oxidative stress, attenuated inflammation, and hepatoprotection. Although fasting may present certain challenges, it is essential to be adequately informed about its potential benefits and appropriate preparatory strategies before undertaking various fasting protocols. This review summarizes the current knowledge on various IF protocols and periodic short-term fasting (PSTF) lasting more than 24 h and up to 72 h, highlighting the signaling pathways through which these interventions affect metabolic processes. Additionally, it aims to provide a practical guide for the safe preparation for PSTF lasting more than 24 h and up to 72 h.

Keywords: intermittent fasting; metabolic changes; periodic short-term fasting; signaling pathways.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Mechanisms of fasting and their influence on body metabolism.
Figure 2
Figure 2
An algorithm for preparing for PSTF lasting at least 24 and up to 72 h.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Graphical illustration of the timeframe in which measurable biological effects of PSTF occur.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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