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Review
. 2025 Jul 1;15(13):1023.
doi: 10.3390/nano15131023.

Advancements in Antimicrobial Surface Coatings Using Metal/Metaloxide Nanoparticles, Antibiotics, and Phytochemicals

Preetha Ebenezer  1   2 , S P S N Buddhika Sampath Kumara  1   2   3 , S W M A Ishantha Senevirathne  1   2   3 , Laura J Bray  1   2 , Phurpa Wangchuk  4 , Asha Mathew  1   5 , Prasad K D V Yarlagadda  1   2   3   5
Affiliations
Review

Advancements in Antimicrobial Surface Coatings Using Metal/Metaloxide Nanoparticles, Antibiotics, and Phytochemicals

Preetha Ebenezer et al. Nanomaterials (Basel). .

Abstract

The growing prevalence of bacterial infections and the alarming rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have driven the need for innovative antimicrobial coatings for medical implants and biomaterials. However, implant surface properties, such as roughness, chemistry, and reactivity, critically influence biological interactions and must be engineered to ensure biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and sustained antibacterial activity. This review evaluates three principal categories of antimicrobial agents utilized in surface functionalization: metal/metaloxide nanoparticles, antibiotics, and phytochemical compounds. Metal/metaloxide-based coatings, especially those incorporating silver (Ag), zinc oxide (ZnO), and copper oxide (CuO), offer broad-spectrum antimicrobial efficacy through mechanisms such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and bacterial membrane disruption, with a reduced risk of resistance development. Antibiotic-based coatings enable localized drug delivery but often face limitations related to burst release, cytotoxicity, and diminishing effectiveness against multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. In contrast, phytochemical-derived coatings-using bioactive plant compounds such as curcumin, eugenol, and quercetin-present a promising, biocompatible, and sustainable alternative. These agents not only exhibit antimicrobial properties but also provide anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and osteogenic benefits, making them multifunctional tools for implant surface modification. The integration of these antimicrobial strategies aims to reduce bacterial adhesion, inhibit biofilm formation, and enhance tissue regeneration. By leveraging the synergistic effects of metal/metaloxide nanoparticles, antibiotics, and phytochemicals, next-generation implant coatings hold the potential to significantly improve infection control and clinical outcomes in implant-based therapies.

Keywords: antibacterial resistance; bacterial infection; biocompatibility; biomaterials; coatings; metal ions; nanoparticles; phytochemical compounds; sustainable.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Outlining the evolution of surface modification on biomaterials (1970, 2010 are titanium, 2020s is graphene based).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Outlining the chronological progression of research focus in phytochemical studies (2005–2025).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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