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. 2025 Jul 12;15(1):25201.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-10872-8.

The effects of warning design features on risk perception and performance in remote emergency response

Yuyue Hao  1 , Yaqi Wang  2
Affiliations

The effects of warning design features on risk perception and performance in remote emergency response

Yuyue Hao et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

The failure to respond to warnings can have fatal consequences, however, it is a common occurrence for even professional monitoring staff to overlook the warnings. This study developed a set of warning notification designs for remote emergency response and assessed their effectiveness by analyzing the performance and risk perception of monitoring staff through simulation experiments. Sixty participants of safety professionals (42 males and 18 females, Mean age = 28.71) participated in a within-subjects experiment, evaluating warnings with different design features and deciding whether to response. During the experiments, reaction time and task success rate were recorded for each warning task, and subjective scales were used to measure risk perception and response efficacy. The results indicate the positive effect of risk perception on enhancing performance, and demonstrate the impact of warning design features on shaping risk perception and response efficacy. Especially, the roles of warning icon and risk explicitness are emphasized. In addition, situation awareness and mental workload are proved to have positive impact on risk perception, while visual fatigue plays the opposite role. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of enhancing risk perception and performance of safety monitors by controlling warning design features, contributing to the design of more effective emergency warning interface.

Keywords: Compliance intention; Fire monitoring and warning; Risk explicitness; Risk perception; Warning design.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Warning panel based on ANSI Z535 standard from the American National Standards Institute.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Standard color coding of disaster warnings.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
The model of risk perception based on CoWoRP scale.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
The experimental process.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
The prototype and set of designed warning notification panels.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
The average scores of risk perception in different warning design feature groups. Note: PL perceived likelihood, PS perceived severity, AW anticipatory worry, AE anticipation emotion.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Inter group comparison of performance of warning design features.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Results of SEM are shown in each path.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
The hypothetical model verified.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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