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. 2025 Dec;57(1):2530226.
doi: 10.1080/07853890.2025.2530226. Epub 2025 Jul 13.

The association between cerebral small vessel disease and unfavorable hematoma morphology in primary intracerebral hemorrhage

Wenqi Jiang  1 , Xinyang Li  2 , Yutao Tan  2 , Wen Guo  3 , Shihong Zhang  1 , Bo Wu  1 , Lu Ma  4 , Ming Liu  1 , Mangmang Xu  1
Affiliations

The association between cerebral small vessel disease and unfavorable hematoma morphology in primary intracerebral hemorrhage

Wenqi Jiang et al. Ann Med. 2025 Dec.

Abstract

Objective: To study the association between cerebral small vessel diseases (CSVD) and unfavorable hematoma morphology in primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).

Methods: Patients with primary ICH who were admitted to West China Hospital of Sichuan University from March 2012 to January 2021 were consecutively included. The unfavorable hematoma morphology included any hypodensity, any irregularity, black hole, blend sign, Barras shape score ≥3, Barras density score ≥3, immature hematoma and combined Barras total score (CBTS) ≥4. The combined hematoma morphology score (CHMS) was evaluated by allocating 1 point for the presence of each of the mentioned unfavorable hematoma morphology. Multivariable binary logistic and ordinal regressions, together with unsupervised machine learning, were used to determine the association between CSVD and unfavorable hematoma morphology features.

Results: Univariable analysis showed that older age and hypertension were associated with white matter hyperintensities (WMH) presence. Regarding hematoma morphology, Barras density score ≥3, CBTS ≥4 and higher CHMS were associated with WMH absence (all p < 0.05). Multivariable regression indicated that lower WMH presence were significantly associated with both CBTS ≥4 and higher CHMS after correcting for confounders. Futhermore, we employed unsupervised machine learning using K-means algorithm to cluster patients into different groups according to CSVD burden, and the results showed that cluster with higher CSVD burden was less likely to be associated with unfavorable hematoma morphology such as black hole and higher CHMS after correcting for confounders.

Conclusions: Lower CSVD burden might be associated with higher incidence of unfavorable hematoma morphology features, such as CTBS ≥4 and higher CHMS.

Keywords: Cerebral small vessel disease; combined hematoma morphology score; immature hematoma; primary intracerebral hemorrhage; unfavorable hematoma morphology.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Total within-cluster distance and k value.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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