Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Jun;65(2):1357-1360.
doi: 10.1007/s12088-024-01377-5. Epub 2024 Aug 22.

Whole Genome Sequencing of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacter hormaechei Isolated from Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala (India)

Parvathi Vaikkathillam  1 , Praveen Kumar  1 , S Manjusree  2 , Minsa Mini  1 , Devi Jayakumar  1 , Amjesh Revikumar  3
Affiliations

Whole Genome Sequencing of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacter hormaechei Isolated from Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala (India)

Parvathi Vaikkathillam et al. Indian J Microbiol. 2025 Jun.

Abstract

The rapid emergence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae is a critical public health issue across the globe. Widespread antibiotic resistance to multiple drugs has been reported in clinical isolates of Enterobacter hormaechei. In the present investigation, we report the whole genome sequencing (WGS) of a multi-drug resistant (MDR), clinical strain of E. hormaechei, GC26 isolated from Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala (India). Using the Oxford Nanopore sequencing platform, we identified key drug-resistance genes (bla, tet, armA, qnrB, and fos) and virulence genes (fimD, csgD, csgE, csgF, and csgG) in GC26. Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) analysis of GC26 revealed a novel sequence type (ST*ba28). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the GC26 genome occupies a distinct branch within the Enterobacter genus, closely related to Indian strains of E. hormaechei rather than the global population. This study provides valuable insights into the genetic basis of multidrug resistance in E. hormaechei. These findings underscore the critical need for continuous monitoring and robust epidemiological surveillance of MDR E. hormaechei strains.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-024-01377-5.

Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance; Enterobacter hormaechei; MLST; Phylogenetic analysis; Virulence genes.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interestThere are no conflicts of interest to declare.

References

    1. Martins ER, Bueno MFC, Francisco GR, Casella T, de Oliveira GD, Cerdeira LT, Gerber AL, de Almeida LGP, Lincopan N, de Vasconcelos ATR, Nogueira MCL (2020) Genome and plasmid context of two rmtG-carrying Enterobacter hormaechei isolated from urinary tract infections in Brazil. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 20:36–40. 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.06.020 - PubMed
    1. Davin-Regli A, Lavigne JP, Pagès JM (2019) Enterobacter spp.: Update on taxonomy, clinical aspects, and emerging antimicrobial resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 32:e00002-19. 10.1128/CMR.00002-19 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Khajuria A, Praharaj AK, Kumar M (2014) Grover N (2014) Carbapenem resistance among Enterobacter species in a tertiary care hospital in central India. Chemother Res Pract 1:972646. 10.1155/2014/972646 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kumar CG, Bhatnagar T, Sathya Narayanan G, Swathi SS, Sindhuja V, Valan A, Siromany VA, VanderEnde D, Malpiedi P, Smith RM, Bollinger S, Babiker A (2023) High-level colonization with antibiotic-resistant Enterobacterales among individuals in a semi-urban setting in South India: an antibiotic resistance in communities and hospitals (ARCH) study. Clin Infect Dis 77:S111–S117. 10.1093/cid/ciad220 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Garinet S, Fihman V, Jacquier H, Corvec S, Le Monnier A, Guillard T, Cattoir V, Zahar JR, Woerther PL, Carbonnelle E, Wargnier A (2018) Elective distribution of resistance to beta-lactams among Enterobacter cloacae genetic clusters. J Infect 77:178–182. 10.1016/j.jinf.2018.05.005 - PubMed