Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Randomized Controlled Trial
. 2025 Oct;46(10):5379-5390.
doi: 10.1007/s10072-025-08315-3. Epub 2025 Jul 14.

Effects of accelerated intermittent theta-burst stimulation combined with cognitive training on brain function in amnestic mild cognitive impairment patients

Jiali Luo  1   2 , Pan Shang  1 , Zefeng Tan  1 , Shuyun Huang  1 , Yajing Liu  1 , Yukai Wang  1 , Qi Chen  3 , Haiqun Xie  4
Affiliations
Randomized Controlled Trial

Effects of accelerated intermittent theta-burst stimulation combined with cognitive training on brain function in amnestic mild cognitive impairment patients

Jiali Luo et al. Neurol Sci. 2025 Oct.

Abstract

Objective: This double-blinded randomized trial investigated the effects of accelerated intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) and adaptive cognitive training on brain function in 24 patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI).

Methods: Participants received real (n=12) or sham (n=12) iTBS targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) thrice daily alongside cognitive training for 14 days. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog), and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during rest and N-back tasks, which measure cognitive function and brain activity respectively, were administered pre-and post-intervention.

Results: The active group demonstrated significant cognitive improvement. Compared to sham controls, postintervention fNIRS results revealed reduced global brain activation during the 1-back task in the active group, particularly in the left prefrontal cortex, and the brain activation correlated with reaction time. In the 2-back task after treatment, the active group exhibited decreased activation in the right motor cortex, while the sham group showed increased activation in the left motor cortex. The overall brain connectivity in the sham group enhanced following the intervention, with significant differences in the correlations between the left prefrontal cortex and left motor cortex between groups.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that the combined intervention can effectively promote cognitive performance and brain function in aMCI patients. iTBS causes enhanced functional engagement of the left DLPFC, which further facilitates neural efficiency and restores the capacity to modulate the allocation of neural resources rather than relying on global compensatory hyperactivation. These may be the underlying neural mechanisms for memory improvement in aMCI patients (Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR2400087943).

Keywords: Amnestic mild cognitive impairment; Brain function; Cognitive training; Functional near-infrared spectroscopy; Intermittent theta burst stimulation.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethical approval: This study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Foshan First People’s Hospital and conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki guidelines. All participants gave their written informed consent before their inclusion in the study. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Conflicts of interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

References

    1. Petersen RC, Lopez O, Armstrong MJ et al (2018) Practice guideline update summary: Mild cognitive impairment. Neurology 90(3):126–135 - PubMed - PMC - DOI
    1. Jia L, Quan M, Fu Y et al (2020) Dementia in China: Epidemiology, clinical management, and research advances. Lancet Neurol 19:81–92 - PubMed - DOI
    1. Xue J, Li J, Chen S et al (2018) The Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment in China: A Systematic Review. Aging Dis 9(4):706–715 - PubMed - PMC - DOI
    1. Chou YH, Sundman M, Ton TV et al (2022) Cortical excitability and plasticity in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of transcranial magnetic stimulation studies. Ageing Res Rev 79:101660 - PubMed - PMC - DOI
    1. Zhou L, Guo Z, Jiang B et al (2020) Meta-analysis of the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment. Chinese J Phys Med Rehab 42(6):562–569

Publication types

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources