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Meta-Analysis
. 2025 Jul;27(7):e70096.
doi: 10.1111/jch.70096.

Gestational Exposure to Particulate Matter and Preeclampsia Risk: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis and Mendelian Randomization Study

Ruilin Ma  1 , Yanan Li  1 , Jianjian Cui  1 , Hui Tao  1 , Wencong He  1 , Lei Sun  1 , Zejun Yang  1 , Ziyang Liu  1 , Yin Zhao  1   2   3
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Gestational Exposure to Particulate Matter and Preeclampsia Risk: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis and Mendelian Randomization Study

Ruilin Ma et al. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2025 Jul.

Abstract

Preeclampsia (PE) is a severe hypertensive disorder that occurs during pregnancy. Exposure to particulate matter (PM), particularly fine particles such as PM2.5/PM10, has been investigated as a potential environmental risk factor for its development. In this study, we employed both meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate the relationship between PM exposure and PE risk. The meta-analysis of 26 studies (>2 million pregnancies) found modest associations between PM exposure and PE risk. In particular, PM2.5 exposure during the second trimester (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01-1.04) and PM10 exposure (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.00-1.12) showed significant associations. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses revealed that regional differences, particularly between Europe and Asia, were major contributors to heterogeneity, while publication year showed minimal impact. In contrast, no significant associations were found for PM exposure during the first and third trimesters, with greater statistical uncertainty likely due to heterogeneity in study design and exposure assessment methods. The MR analysis, using genetic instruments from European genome-wide association studies data, did not support a causal relationship between PM exposure and PE risk (PM2.5: OR = 1.128, 95% CI: -0.593- 0.834; PM10: OR = 0.668, 95% CI: -1.482-0.675). These findings suggest that while PM exposure, particularly during mid-pregnancy, may be associated with increased PE risk in observational studies, the lack of a confirmed causal link in MR analysis indicates potential influence from residual confounding, exposure misclassification, and study heterogeneity. Therefore, the observed associations should be interpreted with caution.

Keywords: Mendelian randomization; maternal and perinatal health; meta‐analysis; particulate matter; preeclampsia.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Workflow of the two‐sample Mendelian randomization analysis.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Flowchart of study inclusion and exclusion for m:eta‐analysis.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Forest plots of the association between PM2.5 and PM10 exposure and the risk of preeclampsia across different gestational periods. (A) PM2.5 exposure during the entire pregnancy. (B) PM10 exposure during the entire pregnancy. (C) PM2.5 exposure during the first trimester. (D) PM10 exposure during the first trimester. (E) PM2.5 exposure during the second trimester. (F) PM10 exposure during the f second trimester. (G) PM2.5 exposure during the third trimester. (H) PM10 exposure during the third trimester.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Subgroup meta‐analysis by region of the association between PM2.5 exposure and PE risk. (A) PM2.5 exposure during the entire pregnancy. (B) PM2.5 exposure during the first trimester. (C) PM2.5 exposure during the second trimester.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Subgroup meta‐analysis by region of the association between PM10 exposure and PE risk. (A) PM10 exposure during the entire pregnancy. (B) PM10 exposure during the first trimester. (C) PM10 exposure during the second trimester.
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
Subgroup meta‐analysis by publication year of the association between PM2.5 exposure and PE risk. (A) PM2.5 exposure during the entire pregnancy. (B) PM2.5 exposure during the first trimester. (C) PM2.5 exposure during the second trimester.
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 7
Subgroup meta‐analysis by publication year of the association between PM10 exposure and PE risk. (A) PM10 exposure during the entire pregnancy. (B) PM10 exposure during the first trimester. (C) PM10 exposure during the second trimester.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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