Syndemic Interactions and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: More Than Just a Sum of the Parts

Affiliations

¹ Section of General Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Uganda Initiative for Integrated Management of Non-Communicable Diseases, Kampala, Uganda. Electronic address: Jeremy.Schwartz@yale.edu.
² Uganda Initiative for Integrated Management of Non-Communicable Diseases, Kampala, Uganda; Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala, Uganda; Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.
³ Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala, Uganda; Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.
⁴ Global Cardiovascular Health Program, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
⁵ Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁶ Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.

Editorial

Jeremy I Schwartz et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2025.

. 2025 Jul 22;86(3):178-180.

doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2025.05.032.

¹ Section of General Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Uganda Initiative for Integrated Management of Non-Communicable Diseases, Kampala, Uganda. Electronic address: Jeremy.Schwartz@yale.edu.
² Uganda Initiative for Integrated Management of Non-Communicable Diseases, Kampala, Uganda; Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala, Uganda; Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.
³ Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala, Uganda; Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.
⁴ Global Cardiovascular Health Program, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
⁵ Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁶ Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.

No abstract available

Keywords: CVD risk; multimorbidity; syndemic.

Conflict of interest statement

Funding Source and Author Disclosures The authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose.