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. 2025 Jul 16:9.
doi: 10.18332/ejm/206922. eCollection 2025.

The second victim phenomenon among midwives in Austria (SeViD-A3): A cross-sectional study

Victoria Klemm  1 , Eva Potura  2 , Sabine Fuerst  2 , Hannah Roesner  1 , Reinhard Strametz  1
Affiliations

The second victim phenomenon among midwives in Austria (SeViD-A3): A cross-sectional study

Victoria Klemm et al. Eur J Midwifery. .

Abstract

Introduction: Midwives frequently encounter adverse events, potentially leading to the Second Victim Phenomenon (SVP), a condition marked by emotional distress, self-doubt, and psychological symptoms. This study investigates the prevalence, key triggers, symptom severity, and support needs of midwives in Austria affected by SVP.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among Austrian midwives (n=487) using the SeViD-questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were applied to assess SVP prevalence, symptoms, and support measures. Binary logistic regression analyses examined predictors of SVP occurrence and symptom severity, while the Mann-Whitney U test compared support preferences between affected and non-affected midwives.

Results: SVP prevalence was 94.3%, with self-doubt (52.5%), guilt (47.0%), and flashbacks (41.8%) as the most pronounced symptoms. Work experience and workload did not predict SVP occurrence. However, events involving patient harm (OR=1.92; 95% CI: 1.11-3.31, p=0.02) and higher neuroticism scores (OR=1.62; 95% CI: 1.24-2.11, p<0.01) significantly predicted high symptom severity. Affected midwives rated professional counseling as less helpful than non-affected peers (p=0.03, r=0.02).

Conclusions: The high prevalence of SVP underscores the need for comprehensive, accessible support for Austrian midwives. Peer support programs should be central, alongside preventive and reactive measures. Support must be inclusive of self-employed midwives. Targeted interventions can enhance mental well-being, improve patient safety, and strengthen healthcare quality.

Keywords: emotional distress; midwives; occupational health; patient safety; psychological distress; second victim.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE Form for disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest and none was reported.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Symptoms of the midwives who identified as SVs, SeViD-A3 cross-sectional study, 2025
Figure 2
Figure 2
Ratings of possible support measures, SeViD-A3 cross-sectional study, 2025
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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