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. 2025 Jul 2:12:1533683.
doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1533683. eCollection 2025.

Relationship between nocturia, depression, and cognitive function and the mediating effects of nutritional indexes in older adults: data from NHANES 2011-2014

Yin Xu  1 , Xinmei Wang  2 , Guofeng Wang  1 , Wei Wei  1 , Ning Li  1
Affiliations

Relationship between nocturia, depression, and cognitive function and the mediating effects of nutritional indexes in older adults: data from NHANES 2011-2014

Yin Xu et al. Front Nutr. .

Abstract

Purpose: This study evaluated the correlation between nocturia, depression, and cognitive function in older adults and the mediating effect of albumin and hemoglobin on this correlation.

Methods: Data on nocturia, depression, and cognitive function from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2014 were analyzed by multiple logistic regression.

Results: The digit symbol score (DSS) and 9-Item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) scores were linearly and non-linearly correlated with nocturia risk (p < 0.05). Male/female-stratified analysis showed that animal fluency scores (AFS), DSS, and PHQ-9 scores were significantly correlated with the risk of nocturia in females (p < 0.05), and PHQ-9 scores were significantly associated with the risk of nocturia in males (p < 0.05). Albumin partially mediated the association of AFS, DSS, and PHQ-9 scores with nocturia risk in women and the relationship of PHQ-9 scores with nocturia risk in men. Hemoglobin partially mediated the relationship of AFS and DSS with nocturia risk in women and the association of PHQ-9 scores with nocturia risk in men.

Conclusion: Nocturia is positively associated with depression and cognitive impairment in older adults, especially in women. Nutrition partially mediates the relationship between nocturia, depression, and cognitive function. Thus, improving nutrition may decrease the risk of nocturia in older adults.

Keywords: albumin; cognitive function; depression; hemoglobin; nocturia; older adults.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The flowchart of patient selection.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Relationship of cognitive function and depression scores with the risk of nocturia in older adults.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Linear relationship of cognitive function and depression scores with nocturia risk in older adults of both males and females.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Linear relationship of cognitive function and depression scores with nocturia risk in older adults of different age groups.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Mediating effects of hemoglobin and albumin on the relationship of cognitive function and depression scores with the risk of nocturia in older adults (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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