A Comprehensive Guide to Typhoidal Anemia

Abstract

Typhoid fever, caused primarily by Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi, stands as a significant global health concern, with complications extending beyond the typical gastrointestinal manifestations. This review systematically examines the intricate relationship between typhoid fever and hematologic complications, collectively referred to as typhoidal anemia. Hematological abnormalities, including changes in blood profiles and bone marrow responses, are scrutinized, providing a comprehensive understanding of the disease's impact on physiological systems. Specific populations, such as immunocompromised individuals, sickle cell anemia patients, and children in resource-limited settings, reveal varied susceptibilities and outcomes. Complications, such as psoas abscess and secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, are explored, highlighting the multifaceted nature of the disease. The distinct contributions of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi to anemia are elucidated, shedding light on the pathophysiological mechanisms involved. Global prevalence and epidemiological variations offer valuable perspectives, underscoring the importance of regional nuances in disease manifestation. Challenges in accurate diagnosis and treatment limitations are acknowledged, emphasizing the need for continued research to enhance diagnostic precision and therapeutic strategies. Insights into long-term effects, prognosis, and the influence of host factors contribute to a holistic understanding of typhoidal anemia. The review concludes by identifying critical gaps in knowledge, advocating for ongoing research initiatives and heightened awareness campaigns. The synthesis of diverse findings provides a comprehensive overview of typhoidal anemia, underscoring the imperative of continued research and awareness for improved patient care and global public health.

Keywords: Anemia; Fever; Paratyphi; Salmonella; Typhi; Typhoid.