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. 2025 Jul 17;25(1):558.
doi: 10.1186/s12887-025-05909-w.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of children with hypertensive encephalopathy

Boonsita Wiraboonchai  1 , Chaiyos Khongkhatithum  1 , Norrarath Nimkarn  1 , Songkiat Chantarogh  1 , Pawaree Saisawat  1 , Kanchana Tangnararatchakit  1 , Kwanchai Pirojsakul  2   3
Affiliations

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of children with hypertensive encephalopathy

Boonsita Wiraboonchai et al. BMC Pediatr. .

Abstract

Background: Hypertensive encephalopathy (HE) is characterized by a severe increase in blood pressure, leading to neurological symptoms such as severe headache, seizure, and mental status change. Prompt medical treatment is crucial, often leading to full recovery without long-term neurological deficits. However, untreated cases can result in serious complications. This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of children who developed HE.

Materials and methods: A retrospective review of medical records in patients aged < 18 years diagnosed with HE in Ramathibodi Hospital was conducted. Data were collected, including demographics, underlying conditions, clinical presentations, blood pressure levels during HE, medications used, diagnostic investigations, and outcomes. Patients with pre-existing neurological symptoms or incomplete data were excluded. Data between the groups with kidney diseases and non-kidney diseases were compared.

Results: Fifty-three patients (26 males) were included with a mean age of 8.9 ± 4 years and a median follow-up time of 47.8 months. Kidney disease (51%) was the most common cause of hypertension. Patients with kidney disease were older (10.3 vs. 7.5 years, p = 0.01), had a shorter duration between the diagnosis of underlying conditions and development of HE (70 vs. 457 days, p = 0.04), and a larger proportion of females (66.7% vs. 34.6%, p = 0.02). Neither clinical manifestations, such as generalized tonic-clonic seizures, headaches, and mental status changes, nor survival were different between the kidney and non-kidney groups. Five patients who developed recurrent episodes of HE had the underlying diseases involving endothelial injuries, such as small vessel vasculitis, and were on calcineurin inhibitors after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).

Conclusions: Patients with kidney diseases were older and developed HE earlier, but there was no difference in survival between the kidney and non-kidney groups. Recurrent episodes of HE were detected in patients with small vessel vasculitis or taking calcineurin inhibitors after HSCT, prompting the pediatricians to be vigilant for blood pressure control in these patients.

Keywords: Characteristics; Children; Hypertensive encephalopathy; Outcomes.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The present study was approved, and informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee for Human Research, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University (MURA 2023/373) due to the retrospective design of the present study. The present study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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