Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Oct;42(10):e70109.
doi: 10.1111/dme.70109. Epub 2025 Jul 17.

Understanding women's sex hormone physiology-A priority in diabetes care

Affiliations

Understanding women's sex hormone physiology-A priority in diabetes care

Céline Isabelle Laesser et al. Diabet Med. 2025 Oct.
No abstract available

Keywords: diabetes mellitus, type 1; diabetes mellitus, type 2; energy metabolism; gonadal steroid hormones; menstrual cycle; polycystic ovary syndrome.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

CIL has received a YTCR grant from both the Bangerter‐Rhyner Foundation and the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences, as well as support from the Siegenthaler Foundation. LB received a grant from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF‐Grant 10000574). None of the authors reports conflicts of interest related to this work.

References

    1. Sherman BM, Korenman SG. Hormonal characteristics of the human menstrual cycle throughout reproductive life. J Clin Invest. 1975;55(4):699‐706. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tulchinsky D, Hobel CJ, Yeager E, Marshall JR. Plasma estrone, estradiol, estriol, progesterone, and 17‐hydroxyprogesterone in human pregnancy. I. Normal pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1972;112(8):1095‐1100. - PubMed
    1. Glynne S, Reisel D, Kamal A, et al. The range and variation in serum estradiol concentration in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women treated with transdermal estradiol in a real‐world setting: a cross‐sectional study. Menopause. 2025;32(2):103‐111. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bennett WL, He JH, Michos ED, et al. Weight loss differentially impacts sex hormones in women and men with type 2 diabetes: Look AHEAD Sex Hormone Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024;110:e2001‐e2007. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Mauvais‐Jarvis F, Clegg DJ, Hevener AL. The role of estrogens in control of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Endocr Rev. 2013;34(3):309‐338. - PMC - PubMed