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Review
. 2025 Jul 18;40(1):321.
doi: 10.1007/s10103-025-04572-y.

A systematic review via text mining approaches of human and veterinary applications of photobiomodulation: focus on multiwave locked system laser therapy

Annalisa Previti  1 , Michela Pugliese  2 , Silvia Meggiolaro  3 , Annamaria Passantino  1
Affiliations
Review

A systematic review via text mining approaches of human and veterinary applications of photobiomodulation: focus on multiwave locked system laser therapy

Annalisa Previti et al. Lasers Med Sci. .

Abstract

To evaluate scientific literature regarding the application of Photobiomodulation (PBM), with a special focus on Multiwave Locked System (MLS®) laser therapy, an innovative machine learning method was used. PBM therapy has occurred as a non-invasive therapeutic approach in human and veterinary medicine. It is widely used to treat various musculoskeletal conditions, promote wound healing, and alleviate inflammation and pain through cellular modulation mechanisms.The methods used were text mining (TM) and topic analysis (TA) to store and process large datasets in digital formats. The investigation followed a systematic approach based on the PRISMA guidelines. Our analysis of 211 selected studies, conducted from 1990 to 2024, identified five key topics in PBM research: therapeutic uses, cellular effects and mechanisms of action, pain control, outcomes in oral pathologies, and laser biostimulation of wounds and bones. Notably, research highlights the effectiveness of MLS® in musculoskeletal pain management, neuropathic conditions, and complex wound care, both in human and veterinary medicine. Despite increasing evidence supporting its clinical applications, significant gaps remain regarding standardized treatment protocols and a deeper understanding of molecular mechanisms.Further research is necessary to elucidate optimal parameters for different clinical applications, with particular emphasis on individualized dosing, frequency, and treatment duration, to maximize therapeutic outcomes.

Keywords: Laser therapy; Multiwave-locked system; Photobiomodulation; Text mining; Topic analysis.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Clinical trial number: Not applicable.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flowchart illustrating the process of analysis used
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Map of number of peer-reviewed articles published worldwide by country
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Cloud representation of most relevant database words (TFIDF ≥ 1.5). Their size reflects the relative importance of the terms
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
The topics numbered from 1 to 5 according to the cumulative probabilities (cp.), and the first 10 words for each topic numbered from 1 to 5 according to the cumulative probabilities
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Number of articles included for each topic from the first year of publication and topics’ trendline
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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