An appraisal at a glance of metallome and disease biomarkers

Abstract

Almost daily, analytical chemistry presents new and exciting challenges that align with the goals emerging from the life sciences. The primary objective of this work is to focus on the metabolome, metallome, and disease biomarkers, which constitute a fascinating field in living systems. This work also briefly revisits the main features, highlighting the essential background of the most critical biochemical biomarkers for various common neurological and autoimmune diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and leukaemia). Furthermore, the work outlines the vital role of metal/loid(s) as biomarkers and includes specific remarks on the involvement of certain metals and metalloids in the aforementioned diseases. Finally, the work includes a section on the integrative multiomics approach because a diseasome involves multiple species and requires the manipulation of multiple data sets from different levels to understand the relationships underlying a disease. The most recent trends in analytical chemistry are crucial for addressing critical challenges in the life sciences. Lastly, to better understand and rationalise the metal/loid field inside a living system, the work concludes by tentatively proposing new omes fields to group the metabolic transformation, physiological activities, and beneficial and toxicological effects of metal/loid species in the fundamental processes of the living systems.

Keywords: Biomarkers; Diseasome; Metabolome; Metallome; Multiomics; Speciation.