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. 2025 Jul 1;8(7):e2522203.
doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.22203.

Title X Policy Shifts and Michigan's Reproductive Health Safety Net

Sarah D Compton  1 , Andrea Pangori  1 , Audrey Widner  1 , Kamilah Davis-Wilson  1 , Sarah Wallett  2 , Vanessa K Dalton  1
Affiliations

Title X Policy Shifts and Michigan's Reproductive Health Safety Net

Sarah D Compton et al. JAMA Netw Open. .

Abstract

Importance: The Title X Family Planning Program is a US federal grant program designed to offer comprehensive and confidential family planning and preventive health services to individuals in the US, regardless of their ability to pay. In 2019, a major change to the program-called the Final Rule-led to about 25% of participating clinics, including all Planned Parenthood affiliates, leaving the Title X program. Because Planned Parenthood of Michigan (PPMI) had served about 70% of Michigan's Title X clients, its withdrawal from Michigan's Title X program was anticipated to significantly alter the service coverage provided by the Title X program in the state.

Objective: To examine the changes in geographic distribution, organizational profiles, and service delivery volumes of Title X health centers in Michigan-including those that left the program and then rejoined-before and after the implementation of the Final Rule.

Design, setting, and participants: This cohort study included Title X-funded health centers in Michigan's 83 counties from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2023.

Exposure: The enactment and reversal of the Title X Final Rule.

Main outcomes and measures: Changes in service delivery volume, seen in (1) Title X penetration rate (number of unique females served at Title X-funded health centers), (2) PPMI penetration rate (number of unique females served by PPMI), and (3) reproductive health safety net penetration rate (sum of the females served by the Title X program and PPMI during the years it was excluded from Title X).

Results: Title X service delivery counts decreased from 92 clinics before the implementation of the Final Rule in 2019 to 76 clinics during the Final Rule and increased to 92 after reversal of the Final Rule. Penetration rates were significantly higher before implementation of the Final Rule (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 3.98; 95% CI, 3.93-4.02) and after the Final Rule period (IRR, 2.96; 95% CI, 2.93-3.00). However, when PPMI service counts were included during the Final Rule period when PPMI was not formally part of Title X, there was considerably more stability in service delivery rates across the 3 periods (preperiod vs Final Rule period: IRR, 1.33; 95% CI 1.32-1.34; and postperiod vs Final Rule period: IRR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.98-1.00). The mean PPMI penetration rate was only 1.41 times higher in the preperiod than in the Final Rule period (IRR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.40-1.43).

Conclusions and relevance: This cohort study highlights PPMI's role in the state's Title X program and overall reproductive health safety net. During the relatively short time the Final Rule was in place, PPMI was able to maintain service delivery, protecting the public's health against these regulations. It is not clear if PPMI, or similar organizations, could maintain service delivery over a longer period.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Ms Davis-Wilson reported serving as a board member of Planned Parenthood of Michigan. Dr Dalton reported receiving grants from the National Institutes of Health during the conduct of the study; personal fees from Merck, the Society of Family Planning, and Up-to-Date outside the submitted work; and serving as Associate Medical Director, Director of Research, Planned Parenthood of Michigan Family Planning Advisory Committee member, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services. No other disclosures were reported.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.. Net Change of Title X Clinics by County, 2019
This map captures the loss, absence of a loss or gain, or gain in the number of Title X clinics across all Michigan counties in 2019, when the Title X Final Rule was implemented.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.. Title X and Reproductive Health Safety Net Penetration Rates With or Without Planned Parenthood of Michigan (PPMI) Service Delivery Activity, 2017-2023
Heatmaps illustrate biannual penetration rates from January 2017 to December 2023 for each Health Department Service Area (HDSA). Heatmaps are divided into preperiod (January 2017 to June 2019), Final Rule period (July 2019 to December 2021), and postperiod (January 2022 ti December 2023). A, Title X penetration rate. B, Reproductive health safety net penetration rate, which incorporates PPMI service delivery counts during the Final Rule period. HDSAs are categorized into 3 groups: no evidence of Title X clinic (not shown for visual display purposes), absence of a PPMI clinic, and presence of a PPMI clinic.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.. Planned Parenthood of Michigan (PPMI) Penetration Rates Over Time by County
The heatmap represents biannual PPMI penetration rates from January 2017 to December 2023 for each county with a PPMI clinic and is separated into 3 time periods: preperiod (January 2017 to June 2019), Final Rule period (July 2019 to December 2021) when PPMI withdrew from Title X, and postperiod (January 2022 to December 2023) when PPMI reentered Title X. Counties are categorized into 2 groups: closed if the county’s PPMI clinics closed at any point during the study period and never closed if the county’s PPMI clinics remained open despite losing Title X funding. aJackson’s PPMI clinic closed and then reopened.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

  • doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.26366

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