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. 2025 Jul 16:14:2025-2-1.
doi: 10.7573/dic.2025-2-1. eCollection 2025.

Simulated client study on the dispensing practices for narcotic and psychotropic medications in community drug outlets in Ethiopia

Tirsit Ketsela Zeleke  1 , Minichil Chanie Worku  2 , Bantayehu Addis Tegegne  1 , Fasil Bayafers Tamene  1 , Gebremariam Wulie Geremew  3 , Samuel Agegnew Wondm  1 , Aschalew Mulatu Tefera  4 , Ayelign Eshete Fitgu  5 , Tekletsadik Tekleslassie Alemayehu  5 , Muluken Adela Alemu  6 , Rahel Belete Abebe  3 , Kale Gubae  1 , Abraham Teym  7
Affiliations

Simulated client study on the dispensing practices for narcotic and psychotropic medications in community drug outlets in Ethiopia

Tirsit Ketsela Zeleke et al. Drugs Context. .

Abstract

Background: Dispensing prescription-only medications without a valid prescription poses significant public health risks, including inappropriate drug use, adverse drug reactions and medication dependence. Narcotics and psychotropic drugs are particularly vulnerable to misuse. Despite this, limited data exist on the dispensing practices of these medications at community drug retail outlets in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the extent and factors of non-prescription dispensing of narcotic and psychotropic medications at community drug retail outlets in Ethiopia.

Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted using the simulated client method from June 1, 2023, to September 30, 2023, in Debre Markos town, Ethiopia. Three trained volunteer pharmacy professionals acted as simulated clients. A validated simulated client approach was used to request medications through three different scenarios: symptom-based (depression), direct request by name and request by presenting a medication package.

Results: A total of 109 requests were made by the simulated clients at 38 community drug retail outlets during three rounds of observations. The rates of non-prescription dispensing were 28.9% for depression simulation, 60.5% for direct name requests and 81.6% for package-based requests. A total of nine types of narcotic and psychotropic medications were dispensed without prescription, the most common of which were amitriptyline, followed by tramadol, carbamazepine, pethidine and haloperidol.

Conclusion: This study revealed a high prevalence of non-prescription dispensing of narcotic and psychotropic medications, particularly in response to assertive client requests. Urgent regulatory measures are needed to ensure adherence to prescription-only policies, especially for frequently dispensed drugs such as amitriptyline, tramadol and chlorpromazine.

Keywords: community pharmacies; narcotic drugs; non-prescription dispensing; psychotropic medications; simulated client method.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosure and potential conflicts of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to this manuscript. The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) Potential Conflicts of Interests form for the authors is available for download at: https://www.drugsincontext.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/dic.2025-2-1-COI.pdf

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Distribution of medication dispensing without prescription across different types of requests.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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