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. 2025 Jul 22;15(1):26584.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-08820-7.

Amino acid-based deep eutectic solvent as a versatile catalyst for the green synthesis of chromenopyrimidines

Afagh Ranjbaran  1 , Davood Habibi  2 , Arezo Monem  1 , Nastaran Dehnokhalaji  1
Affiliations

Amino acid-based deep eutectic solvent as a versatile catalyst for the green synthesis of chromenopyrimidines

Afagh Ranjbaran et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

A novel deep eutectic solvent (Thr/Mal-DES) was synthesized by mixing one mole of L-threonine (Thr) with one mole of malonic acid (Mal) and was characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, TGA/DTA, and densitometry techniques. Then, it was used as a highly effective catalyst for the rapid synthesis of chromeno[4,3-d]pyrimidines from the reaction of 4-hydroxy-coumarin, urea/thiourea and aldehyde under solvent-free conditions at 80 °C in high yields and short reaction times.

Keywords: Catalysis; Chromenopyrimidines; Deep eutectic solvent; L-threonine; Malonic acid.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Preparation of Thr/Mal-DES.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Synthesis of 2(a-m) by Thr/Mal-DES.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
The eutectic points phase diagram.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
The FT-IR spectra of (a), (b), (c), and (d).
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
The 1H NMR of Thr/Mal-DES.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
The TGA-DTA pattern of Thr/Mal-DES.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Synthesis of diverse 2(a-m).
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Proposed mechanism for the synthesis of 2(a-m).
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
Reusability of Thr/Mal-DES catalyst in four consecutive reaction runs.
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