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. 2025 Jul 22;24(1):208.
doi: 10.1186/s12904-025-01765-8.

Cultural adaptation and validation of Turkish version of The Spiritual Needs Assessment for Patients (T-SNAP) scale in patients with cancer

Nuriye Efe Erturk  1 , Hatice Polat  2 , Sinan Aslan  3 , Afitap Ozdelikara  4
Affiliations

Cultural adaptation and validation of Turkish version of The Spiritual Needs Assessment for Patients (T-SNAP) scale in patients with cancer

Nuriye Efe Erturk et al. BMC Palliat Care. .

Abstract

Background: The patients may attribute different meanings to diseases and develop various coping mechanisms to cope with them depending on the geography and cultures. In this respect, spirituality is an important dimension that patients frequently refer to in chronic and life-threatening diseases such as cancer. In the Turkiye, the availability of measurement tools designed to assess patients' spiritual needs remains limited. This study aimed to adapt the The Spiritual Needs Assessment for Patients scale into Turkish and examine its psychometric properties.

Methods: The scale adaptation process involved the following steps: (1) translation and cross-cultural adaptation and (2) psychometric evaluation, including factor analysis, reliability analysis, and inter-item correlation assessment. 453 patients with cancer were included in the study. The data were collected in 2023. The participants were patients with cancer who were receiving outpatient and inpatient treatment in the medical oncology and hematology clinics of three university hospitals in Turkiye. Data collection tools included the Patient Information Form and the Spiritual Needs Assessment for Patients scale. Validity was examined through content and structural validity assessments, while reliability was measured using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and test-retest reliability.

Results: The content validity index of the T-SNAP was calculated as 80.54%. The exploratory factor analysis indicated 3 factors (psychosocial needs, spiritual needs, religious needs) with 23 items. The combined three factors accounted for 66.92% of the total variance. The factor loadings ranged from 0.43 to 0.96. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was found to be 0.95, and the test-retest reliability score was 0.96.

Conclusions: The findings suggest that the T-SNAP scale is a reliable and valid tool for assessing the spiritual needs of patients in Turkiye.

Keywords: Cancer; Nursing; Nursing care; Spiritually; Spiritually care.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study conformed to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. To conduct the validity and reliability study of the T-SNAP, formal permissions were obtained. The adaptation of the scale was authorized by Sharma et al., ethical approval was granted by the ethics committee of the Batman University under decision number 2021/03 - 06, and institutional permissions were secured from the hospitals where the study was conducted (Institution (1) protocol number: E- 42190979 - 000 - 2300097844, Institution (2) protocol number: E- 28050591 - 044 - 389764, and Institution (3) protocol number: E- 75626256 - 051 - 2500042). Additionally, written informed consent was obtained from all participants before inclusion. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Initial Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) of the established model
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