Stem cell therapy for diabetes: Advances, prospects, and challenges

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus, a global epidemic, represents a major public health threat. Stem cell therapy, with its regenerative capacity, has emerged as a promising approach for diabetes mellitus management. This paper reviews recent advancements, prospects, and challenges in stem cell-based treatments for diabetes mellitus, focusing on the applications of induced pluripotent stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells, the development of pancreatic islet organoids, and the potential for personalized medicine. The review critically assesses the efficacy and safety of stem cell therapies in clinical trials and examines their applications in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Despite the promising potential, challenges such as safety concerns, transplantation efficiency, ethical considerations, and immune rejection remain prevalent. Lastly, the paper discusses future directions, including the integration of stem cell therapy with other treatments and the advancement of personalized therapeutic strategies, offering new perspectives and hope for diabetes mellitus management.

Keywords: Clinical applications; Diabetes mellitus; Induced pluripotent stem cells; Mesenchymal stem cells; Stem cell therapy.

Figure 1

Mechanisms of stem cell therapy for diabetes mellitus. This figure outlines the mechanisms by which stem cell therapy addresses diabetes. It includes the differentiation of stem cells into insulin-producing β-cells, paracrine effects that promote β-cell regeneration, and immunomodulation that reduces autoimmune damage and inflammation. Collectively, these processes enhance glucose regulation and facilitate pancreatic repair. ESC: Embryonic stem cells; iPSC: Induced pluripotent stem cells; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; T1DM: Type 1 diabetes mellitus.