. 2025 Jun 19;12(7):ofaf357.

doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofaf357. eCollection 2025 Jul.

Types of Myocardial Infarction in People With HIV in Switzerland

Julia N Kleynhans¹, Naomi N Cobo¹, Emma F Avery¹, Ronny R Buechel², Christian W Thorball³, Isabella C Schoepf^{1

4}, Tania Coscia⁵, Dominique L Braun^{6

7}, Eugénie Colin-Benoit⁸, Catia Marzolini^{9

10}, Christian R Kahlert^{11

12}, Enos Bernasconi¹³, Matthias Cavassini¹⁴, Annalisa Marinosci¹⁵, Katharina Kusejko^{6

7}, Jacques Fellay^{3

16}, Huldrych F Günthard^{6

7}, Bruno Ledergerber⁶, Philip E Tarr¹; Swiss HIV Cohort Study

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

Swiss HIV Cohort Study:
I A Abela, K Aebi-Popp, A Anagnostopoulos, M Battegay, E B, D L B, H C Bucher, A C, M C, A Ciuffi, G Dollenmaier, M Egger, L Elzi, J S Fehr, J F, H Furrer, C A Fux, H F G, A Hachfeld, D H U Haerry, B Hasse, H H Hirsch, M Hoffmann, I Hösli, M Huber, D Jackson-Perry, C R K, O Keiser, T Klimkait, R D Kouyos, H Kovari, K K, N D Labhardt, K Leuzinger, B Martinez de Tejada, C M, K J Metzner, N Müller, J Nemeth, D Nicca, J Notter, P Paioni, G Pantaleo, M Perreau, A Rauch, L P Salazar-Vizcaya, P Schmid, O Segeral, R F Speck, M Stöckle, P E T, A Trkola, G Wandeler, M Weisser, S Yerly

Affiliations

¹ University Center for Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Service, Kantonsspital Baselland, University of Basel Bruderholz, Switzerland.
² Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cardiac Imaging, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
³ Precision Medicine Unit, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
⁴ Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
⁵ Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
⁶ Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
⁷ Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
⁸ Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
⁹ Division of Infectious Diseases, Basel University Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
¹⁰ Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
¹¹ Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Prevention and Travel Medicine, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
¹² Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
¹³ Division of Infectious Diseases, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale Lugano, University of Geneva and Università Della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland.
¹⁴ Infectious Diseases Service, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
¹⁵ Division of Infectious Disease, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
¹⁶ School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.

PMID: 40698031
PMCID: PMC12282347
DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaf357

Types of Myocardial Infarction in People With HIV in Switzerland

Julia N Kleynhans et al. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2025.

. 2025 Jun 19;12(7):ofaf357.

doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofaf357. eCollection 2025 Jul.

Authors

Collaborators

Swiss HIV Cohort Study:
I A Abela, K Aebi-Popp, A Anagnostopoulos, M Battegay, E B, D L B, H C Bucher, A C, M C, A Ciuffi, G Dollenmaier, M Egger, L Elzi, J S Fehr, J F, H Furrer, C A Fux, H F G, A Hachfeld, D H U Haerry, B Hasse, H H Hirsch, M Hoffmann, I Hösli, M Huber, D Jackson-Perry, C R K, O Keiser, T Klimkait, R D Kouyos, H Kovari, K K, N D Labhardt, K Leuzinger, B Martinez de Tejada, C M, K J Metzner, N Müller, J Nemeth, D Nicca, J Notter, P Paioni, G Pantaleo, M Perreau, A Rauch, L P Salazar-Vizcaya, P Schmid, O Segeral, R F Speck, M Stöckle, P E T, A Trkola, G Wandeler, M Weisser, S Yerly

Affiliations

¹ University Center for Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Service, Kantonsspital Baselland, University of Basel Bruderholz, Switzerland.
² Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cardiac Imaging, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
³ Precision Medicine Unit, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
⁴ Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
⁵ Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
⁶ Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
⁷ Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
⁸ Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
⁹ Division of Infectious Diseases, Basel University Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
¹⁰ Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
¹¹ Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Prevention and Travel Medicine, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
¹² Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
¹³ Division of Infectious Diseases, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale Lugano, University of Geneva and Università Della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland.
¹⁴ Infectious Diseases Service, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
¹⁵ Division of Infectious Disease, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
¹⁶ School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.

PMID: 40698031
PMCID: PMC12282347
DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaf357

Abstract

Background: Of myocardial infarctions (MIs) recorded in 2 large human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) observational studies from North America, approximately half were classified as type 2. In the REPRIEVE clinical trial of pitavastatin versus placebo in people with HIV (PWH) (<3% of participants were from Europe), 20.6% of MIs were type 2. The proportions of type 1 MI (T1MI) and type 2 MI (T2MI) in European PWH are unknown.

Methods: The study included a retrospective record review, ascertainment of prospectively recorded and medically validated MIs, differentiation of T1MI and T2MI, and MI time trend analysis in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (1 January 2000 to 31 May 2021). Exploratory analysis was performed of the associations of T1MI and T2MI with blood leukocyte count and 2 validated genome-wide coronary artery disease-associated polygenic risk scores (metaGRS and GPS_mult).

Results: Between 2000 and 2021, 16 027 Swiss HIV Cohort Study participants accumulated 181 598 years of follow-up, and 379 had a validated first MI. Of these participants, 359 (94.7%) had T1MI, and 20 (5.3%) had T2MI. Invasive coronary angiography was done in 95% and 60% of participants with T1MI and T2MI, respectively. We found no evidence for increasing or decreasing incidence trends over time for T1MI (P = .86) or T2MI (P = .85). Participants in the highest quintile for leukocyte count, metaGRS, and GPS_mult had significantly increased adjusted odds ratios for T1MI; power was limited for detecting associations with T2MI.

Conclusions: The proportion of T2MI in PWH in Switzerland is approximately 5%, consistent with data from the general population and lower than in previous North American reports among PWH.

Keywords: HIV infection; myocardial infarction; time trends; type 1 myocardial infarction; type 2 myocardial infarction.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Potential conflicts of interest. D. L. B. has received honoraria for advisory boards from Gilead, ViiV, and MSD. C. R. K. reports grants/support from Gilead, paid to their institution, outside the submitted work. E. B. has received consulting fees from Gilead, MSD, ViiV, Pfizer, and AbbVie and travel support from Gilead, MSD, and Pfizer, all paid to their institution and all outside the submitted work. M. C. reports grants/support and payment for expert testimony from Gilead, MSD, and ViiV and travel support from Gilead, all paid to their institution and all outside the submitted work. H. F. G., outside this study and all outside the submitted work, reports grants from Gilead (unrestricted research grant) and the Yvonne Jacob Foundation, paid to their institution; personal fees as an advisor/consultant for Merck, ViiV, Johnson & Johnson, GSK, Janssen, Novartis, and Gilead; and data and safety monitoring board remuneration from Merck. B. L. received personal fees from Kantonsspital Baselland Liestal, Switzerland (for consultancy and statistical analyses), during the conduct of the study, and reports personal fees from Gilead for lectures and ViiV for advisory board service, outside the submitted work. P. E. T.'s institution reports unrestricted and educational grants from Gilead, ViiV, and MSD, and advisory fees from Gilead and ViiV, all outside the submitted work. All other authors report no potential conflicts.

Figures

**Figure 1.**
Study flowchart. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; GWAS, genome-wide association study; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; MI, myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; SHCS, Swiss HIV Cohort Study; T1MI, type 1 MI; T2MI, type 2 MI.

**Figure 2.**
Predicted types 1 and 2 myocardial infarction (MI) incidence rates over time in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS; 2000–2021). The figure depicts the predicted time trends for a first type 1 MI (T1MI) or type 2 MI (T2MI) in 16 027 SHCS participants, including 181 598 participant-years of observation, 359 participants with a validated first T1MI, and 20 with a validated first T2MI. Predicted incidence rates of T1MI and T2MI were stable over time (P = .86 and P = .85, respectively). Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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1. Feinstein MJ, Hsue PY, Benjamin LA, et al. Characteristics, prevention, and management of cardiovascular disease in people living with HIV: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2019; 140:e98–124. - PMC - PubMed
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Types of Myocardial Infarction in People With HIV in Switzerland

Collaborators

Affiliations

Types of Myocardial Infarction in People With HIV in Switzerland

Authors

Collaborators

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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