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. 2025 Jul 22;13(7):e6923.
doi: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000006923. eCollection 2025 Jul.

Eagle Syndrome and Piezosurgical Treatment

Fabrizio Ferretti  1 , Serena Paione  1 , Claudia Borbon  1 , Guglielmo Ramieri  1 , Giovanni Gerbino  1 , Emanuele Zavattero  1
Affiliations

Eagle Syndrome and Piezosurgical Treatment

Fabrizio Ferretti et al. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. .

Abstract

Background: The purpose of this study was to describe a case of Eagle syndrome (ES) and its related surgical treatment. Additionally, a literature review of different surgical treatments was performed, with a particular focus on piezosurgery.

Methods: We describe a case of ES that was previously treated with an intraoral approach and subsequently with a cervical surgical approach using piezosurgery. A literature review of ES was conducted using Scopus and PubMed with specific keywords.

Results: The first surgery, using an intraoral approach to remove the left styloid process, was performed without symptom resolution. Subsequently, bilateral surgery was performed using an extraoral approach. Only 11 articles were selected for ES descriptions.

Conclusions: The literature has paid little attention to the use of piezosurgery for ES. The most common treatments are medical management and surgical approaches, including transoral and cervical techniques, with or without endoscopic assistance. Different surgical success rates have been reported. ES treatment is complex and depends on the patient's symptoms and anatomy. Piezosurgery is a precise technique that minimizes the risk of damaging anatomical structures.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no financial interest to declare in relation to the content of this article.

Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Frontal photograph.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.
Intraoral photograph.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.
Intraoral photograph of the left styloid process.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 4.
Oral opening.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 5.
CT scan.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 6.
CT scan.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 7.
Intraoperative photograph.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 8.
Styloid process removal.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 9.
Postoperative photograph.
Fig. 10.
Fig. 10.
Angio-CT study of the brain and the supra-aortic trunks. A, Three-dimensional reconstruction of angio-CT. B, Angio-CT. C, CT axial view: course of the styloid processes and relationship with the vessels.
Fig. 11.
Fig. 11.
Resected right and left styloid processes.
Fig. 12.
Fig. 12.
PRISMA flow chart.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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