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. 2025 Jun 23;13(3):83.
doi: 10.3390/medsci13030083.

National Trends in Admissions, Treatments, and Outcomes for Dilated Cardiomyopathy (2016-2021)

Vivek Joseph Varughese  1 , Abdifitah Mohamed  2 , Vignesh Krishnan Nagesh  3 , Adam Atoot  3
Affiliations

National Trends in Admissions, Treatments, and Outcomes for Dilated Cardiomyopathy (2016-2021)

Vivek Joseph Varughese et al. Med Sci (Basel). .

Abstract

Background: Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the leading causes of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy in the United States (US). The aim of our study is to analyze the general trends in DCM admissions between 2016 and 2021, and analyze social and healthcare disparities in terms of treatments and outcomes.

Methods: National Inpatient Sample (NIS) data for the years 2016 to 2021 were used for the analysis. General population trends were analyzed. Normality of data distribution was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and homogeneity was assessed using Levine's test. One-way ANOVA was used after confirmation of normality of distribution to analyze social and healthcare disparities. Subgroup analysis was conducted, with the paired t-test for continuous variables and Fischer's exact t-test for categorical variables to analyze statistical differences. Multivariate regression analysis was conducted to analyze the association of factors that were significant in the one-way ANOVA and paired t/chi square tests. A two-tailed p-value < 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance.

Results: A total of 5262 admissions for DCM were observed between 2016 and 2021. A general declining trend was observed in the total number of DCM admissions, with a 33.51% decrease in total admissions in 2021 compared to 2016. All-cause in-hospital mortality remained stable across the years (between 3.5% and 4.5%). A total of 15.3% of admissions had CRT/ICD devices in place. A total of 425 patients (8.07%) for DCM underwent HT, and 214 admissions for DCM (4.06%) underwent LVAD placements between 2016 and 2021 In terms of interventions for DCM, namely Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT), Left Ventricular Assist Devices (LVADs) and Heart Transplantations (HTs), significant variance was observed in the mean age of the admissions with admissions over the mean age of 55 had lower number of interventions. Significant variance in terms of sex was observed for DCM admissions receiving HT, with lower rates observed for females. In terms of quarterly income, patients belonging to the lowest fourth quartile had higher rates of LVAD and HT compared to general DCM admissions. In the multivariate regression analysis, age at admission had significant association with lower chances of receiving LVADs and HT among DCM admissions, and significant association with higher chances of all-cause mortality during the hospital stay.

Conclusions: A general declining trend in the total number of DCM admissions was observed between 2016 and 2021. Significant gender disparities were seen with lower rates of females with DCM receiving LVADs and HT. DCM admissions with mean age of 55 and above were found to have significantly lower rates of receiving LVADs and HT, and higher chances of all-cause mortality during the admission.

Keywords: CRT; LVAD; dilated cardiomyopathy; heart transplantation.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
National trends in the total admissions for dilated cardiomyopathy (2016–2021).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Population trends for dilated cardiomyopathy admissions (2016–2021). (a) Demographic trends for dilated cardiomyopathy admissions (2016–2021). (b) Trends in all-cause mortality for dilated cardiomyopathy admissions (2016–2021).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Dilated cardiomyopathy admissions with CRT/ICD devices.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Analysis of disparities between general DCM admissions and DCM admissions with CRT/ICD devices.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Analysis of disparities between general DCM admissions and DCM admissions undergoing HT.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Analysis of disparities between general DCM admissions and DCM admissions undergoing LVAD placements.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Analysis of disparities between general DCM admissions and DCM admissions who died during hospital stay.
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