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. 2025 Sep:138:107969.
doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2025.107969. Epub 2025 Jul 21.

Stable two-year longitudinal clinical outcomes in LRRK2 G2019S non-manifest carriers in a remote nationwide study

William Barbosa  1 , Peggy Auinger  2 , Meghan Pawlik  3 , Emily Hartman  3 , Saloni Sharma  3 , Blanca Y Valdovinos  1 , Renee Wilson  3 , Lucy Norcliffe-Kaufmann  4 , Helen Rowbotham  4 , Roy N Alcalay  5 , Kevin Biglan  6 , Daniel Kinel  2 , Caroline M Tanner  7 , Robert G Holloway  2 , E Ray Dorsey  2 , Ruth B Schneider  8
Affiliations

Stable two-year longitudinal clinical outcomes in LRRK2 G2019S non-manifest carriers in a remote nationwide study

William Barbosa et al. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2025 Sep.

Abstract

Background: Interest in Parkinson's disease (PD) prevention trials is growing, and genetically at-risk individuals may be ideal candidates. LRRK2 G2019S is the most common autosomal dominant genetic cause of PD and exhibits incomplete penetrance.

Objective: In a remote, prospective cohort study of LRRK2 G2019S carriers without PD, we examined change over time to better understand the natural history of LRRK2 PD.

Methods: Clinical measures completed during annual video visits included the Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS parts I-III), Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease-Autonomic (SCOPA-AUT), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire (RBDSQ), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Parkinson Anxiety Scale (PAS), and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). To examine change from baseline to year two, we performed mixed model repeated measures analysis. To compare change over two years between different subgroups, we used generalized estimating equations.

Results: We enrolled 211 LRRK2 G2019S carriers without PD, of whom 201 (mean (standard deviation) 53.9 (14.9) years of age, 119 (59 %) women, 151 (75 %) Ashkenazi Jewish) contributed longitudinal data. Over two years, mean change ± standard error (effect size) for the MoCA was 0.71 ± 0.12 (0.43), MDS-UPDRS part II 0.07 ± 0.15 (0.03), MDS-UPDRS part III 0.17 ± 0.19 (0.06), SCOPA-AUT -0.50 ± 0.27 (0.13), ESS -0.27 ± 0.15 (0.13), RBDSQ -0.32 ± 0.13 (0.18), BDI-II -0.11 ± 0.32 (0.02), and PAS -0.94 ± 0.29 (0.22).

Conclusion: Remotely administered motor, sleep, and autonomic measures were stable over two years. We need more sensitive measures of disease progression (e.g., biomarkers) and a better understanding of predictors of development of clinically manifest LRRK2 PD.

Keywords: Decentralized; Genetic testing; LRRK2; Parkinson's disease; Telemedicine.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Lucy Norcliffe-Kaufmann reports a relationship with 23andMe that includes: employment and equity or stocks. Helen Rowbotham reports a relationship with 23andMe that includes: employment. Editorial Board Members of this journal - RNA If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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