Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Jul 9:13:1549159.
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1549159. eCollection 2025.

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 virus among patients with acute febrile illness in selected sites of Ethiopia 2021-2022

Musse Tadesse Chekol  1   2 , David Sugerman  3 , Adamu Tayachew  1   2 , Zelalem Mekuria  4 , Neamin Tesfaye  1 , Aynalem Alemu  1   2 , Andargachew Gashu  1   2 , Wolde Shura  1 , Melaku Gonta  1 , Admikew Agune  1 , Aster Hailemariam  1 , Yonas Assefa  1 , Mesfin Wossen  1 , Abdulhafiz Hassen  1 , Parsons Michele  3 , Rachel Silver  3 , Hulemenaw Delelegn  3 , Lozano Briana  3 , Tesfu Kasa  2 , Nigatu Kebede  2
Affiliations

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 virus among patients with acute febrile illness in selected sites of Ethiopia 2021-2022

Musse Tadesse Chekol et al. Front Public Health. .

Erratum in

Abstract

Background: Viral respiratory pathogens have become the leading cause of acute undifferentiated febrile illness (AFI). We determined the fraction of AFI attributable to influenza and SARS-CoV-2 in Ethiopia, along with an understanding of their epidemiological characteristics.

Methods: From February 2021 to June 2022, we enrolled patients meeting an AFI case definition (age >5 years with fever ≥38°C) who presented at one of four selected sentinel hospital sites in Jimma, Harari, Addis Ababa, and Gonder. Clinical and epidemiological information was collected, Nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected and analyzed using real-time PCR for respiratory viruses (influenza and SARS-CoV-2). A quasi-binomial regression model and multivariable regression were performed to compute fractions and establish associations with the agent detected.

Result: A total of 737 AFI cases were enrolled. The overall proportion of SARS-CoV-2, influenza A, and influenza B among AFI patients were 7.8, 1.9, and 0.5 per 100,000 population, respectively. Among the enrolled AFI cases tested for SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2 was the most detected pathogen with a positivity rate of 13.7% (95% CI:11.3-16.4), followed by influenza A and influenza B, which have a positivity rate of 3.3% (95% CI: 2.2-5.1) and 0.8% (95% CI:0.3-1.8), respectively. The positivity rate of SARS-CoV-2 peaked at 37.4% in September 2021. Per the multivariable analysis, cases ≥65 years of age were three [AOR = 3.3,95% CI:(1.9-5.7)] times more likely to be positive for SARS-CoV-2.

Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses were highly prevalent among AFI cases. The proportion of SARS-CoV-2 was higher among older adults. Further study is recommended to characterize influenza subtypes, SARS-CoV-2 variants and determine their attributable fraction among a broader panel of AFI-causing pathogens that contributes for guiding the proper diagnostics, treatment and surveillance measures.

Keywords: AFI; Ethiopia; SARS-CoV-2; influenza virus; proportion.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Presented signs and symptoms among enrolled cases in Ethiopia.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Distribution of influenza and SARS-COV-2 cases by study site in Ethiopia.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The trend of the positivity rate of influenza and SARS_COV-2 from 2021 to 2022 in Ethiopia.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Prasad N, Sharples KJ, Murdoch DR, Crump JA. Community prevalence of fever and relationship with malaria among infants and children in low-resource areas. Am J Tropical Med Hygiene. (2015) 93:178–80. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0646, PMID: - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Crump JA, Kirk MD. Estimating the burden of febrile illnesses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. (2015) 9:e0004040. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004040, PMID: - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Snow RW, Eckert E, Teklehaimanot A. Estimating the needs for artesunate-based combination therapy for malaria case management in Africa. Trends Parasitol. (2003) 19:363–9. doi: 10.1016/s1471-4922(03)00168-5, PMID: - DOI - PubMed
    1. Peeling RW, Fongwen N. Solving the enigma of acute febrile illness. Lancet Infect Dis. (2022) 22:1261–2. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00313-9, PMID: - DOI - PubMed
    1. Crump JA, Gove S, Parry CM. Management of adolescents and adults with febrile illness in resource-limited areas. BMJ. (2011) 343:d4847. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d4847, PMID: - DOI - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources