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. 2025 Jun 27;18(3):30.
doi: 10.3390/cmtr18030030. eCollection 2025 Sep.

Factors Influencing Mandibular Invasion, Lymph Node Metastasis and Extracapsular Spread in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity

Rathindra Nath Bera  1 , Richik Tripathi  1
Affiliations

Factors Influencing Mandibular Invasion, Lymph Node Metastasis and Extracapsular Spread in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity

Rathindra Nath Bera et al. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr. .

Abstract

Background: A number of factors might affect survival in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Nodal status is one of the most important prognosticators affecting survival. Studies have shown that pattern of invasion is an important aspect related to survival.

Study design: retrospective single-center study (original article).

Objectives: Our study aimed at evaluating the factors affecting mandibular invasion, lymph node metastasis, and extracapsular spread in oral squamous cell carcinoma and the survival factors associated with it.

Methods: Patient records were evaluated to identify factors influencing primary outcome and survival. Cox regression analysis and Kaplan Meir were applied to evaluate the outcomes. Youden's index was used to determine a cut-off value for depth of invasion and lymph node size affecting outcome. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: The study evaluated 162 patients with oral cancer. The cut-off value for DOI was 6.5 mm, significantly affecting mandibular invasion and cervical metastasis. The cut-off value for lymph node size was 2.95 cm, significantly affecting extracapsular spread and overall survival. An aggressive pattern of invasion significantly affects mandibular invasion, cervical metastasis, and survival.

Conclusion: An aggressive pattern of invasion and depth of invasion are independent risk factors for cervical lymph node metastasis and mandibular invasion. The independent risk factor for extracapsular spread is lymph node size. Lymph node metastasis and nodal size, pattern of invasion, mandibular invasion, and extracapsular spread are independent risk factors affecting overall survival.

Keywords: ECS; bone invasion; lymph node metastasis; pattern of invasion; worst pattern of invasion.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of InterestThe authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Pattern of invasion as a predictor of overall survival.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Mandibular invasion as a predictor of overall survival.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Lymph node metastasis as a predictor of overall survival.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Lymph node size as a predictor of overall survival.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Extracapsular spread as a predictor of overall survival.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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