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. 2025 Jul 3;12(7):637.
doi: 10.3390/vetsci12070637.

Development of a Novel, Non-Invasive Saliva Sampling Method for the Detection of Bovine Respiratory Viruses

Simona Baumann  1 , Belinda Euring  1 , Maxi Harzer  1 , Mandy Eibisch  2 , Andrea Lindner  2 , Thomas W Vahlenkamp  1 , Kristin Heenemann  1
Affiliations

Development of a Novel, Non-Invasive Saliva Sampling Method for the Detection of Bovine Respiratory Viruses

Simona Baumann et al. Vet Sci. .

Abstract

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most significant health issues in cattle populations worldwide, leading to great economic losses and animal suffering [...].

Keywords: bovine respiratory disease (BRD); non-invasive diagnostics; respiratory viruses; saliva sampling method.

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Conflict of interest statement

Mandy Eibisch and Andrea Lindner are employees (and owns stock) in BioCheck-Laboratory for Veterinary Diagnostics and Environmental Hygiene GmbH. The remaining authors have no conflict of interest to declare. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Newly developed saliva sampling system separately for cows (a) and calves (b). Four cotton rolls were threaded on a string and were hung in the barns, so that the animals could chew on it.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Detection rates (%) of respiratory viruses in deep nasal swabs collected from individual cows (n = 24; light blue), cow groups (n = 5; dark blue), individual calves (n = 25; red) and calf groups (n = 6; dark red).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Detection rates (%) of respiratory viruses in saliva samples collected from individual cows (n = 21; light blue), cow groups (n = 5; dark blue), individual calves (n = 18; red) and calf groups (n = 4; dark red).
Figure 4
Figure 4
The number of positive samples for respiratory viruses in (A) individual animals (n = 38) and in (B) groups (n = 9), divided into sample matrices: deep nasal swabs (black) and saliva samples (blue). The number of positive samples for both matrices is shown in yellow. Only sample pairs where both matrices were available were included.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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