Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Sep;25(5):e70077.
doi: 10.1111/psyg.70077.

Association Between Education Levels and Cognitive Decline Trajectories Among Chinese Middle-Aged and Older Adults With Five Waves of Follow-Up: A Group-Based Trajectory Modelling Approach

Wangyang Bai  1 , Xiao Luo  2 , Hangqi Chen  1 , Xiaofei Ye  2 , Jinfang Xu  2 , Xiaojing Guo  2 , Jia He  1   2
Affiliations

Association Between Education Levels and Cognitive Decline Trajectories Among Chinese Middle-Aged and Older Adults With Five Waves of Follow-Up: A Group-Based Trajectory Modelling Approach

Wangyang Bai et al. Psychogeriatrics. 2025 Sep.

Abstract

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the trajectory of cognitive decline and explore the association between education levels and the trajectory of cognitive decline among Chinese middle-aged and older adults.

Methods: Data were obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) among Chinese middle-aged and older adults with five waves of follow-up, 2011-2020. Education levels were self-reported by the participants at baseline. To explore the trajectories of cognitive decline, a group-based trajectory modelling (GBTM) approach was employed. Multivariable logistic regression models were conducted to measure the association between education levels and the trajectories of cognitive decline. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were also conducted to further explore and validate the association.

Results: A total of 6384 Chinese adults were enrolled in the study, with a median age of 56 (P25, P75: 49, 62); 2953 (46.3%) were females. A total of 1402 (22.0%) participants had no formal education at baseline. Three trajectories of cognitive decline were considered in the best GBTM model, including a stable group (37.92%), a mild decline group (42.28%), and a rapid decline group (19.80%). Education levels were associated with cognitive decline trajectories in multivariable logistic regression models (p < 0.05). The subgroup and sensitivity analyses demonstrated comparable results as well.

Conclusions: Three trajectories of cognitive decline (stable, mild and rapid decline) were identified using the GBTM approach. A higher level of education could reduce the risk of cognitive decline among Chinese middle-aged and older adults. Our findings suggest that improving access to education holds significant potential for reducing public health burdens associated with cognitive decline.

Keywords: CHARLS; GBTM; cognitive decline; education; trajectory.

PubMed Disclaimer

Similar articles

See all similar articles

References

    1. Alzheimers Association, “2023 Alzheimer's Disease Facts and Figures,” Alzheimers Dement 19, no. 4 (2023): 1598–1695, https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.13016.
    1. WHO, Risk Reduction of Cognitive Decline and Dementia: WHO (World Health Organization, 2019).
    1. K. B. Rajan, J. Weuve, L. L. Barnes, E. A. McAninch, R. S. Wilson, and D. A. Evans, “Population Estimate of People With Clinical Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment in the United States (2020–2060),” Alzheimer's & Dementia 17, no. 12 (2021): 1966–1975, https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12362.
    1. H. Braak, D. R. Thal, E. Ghebremedhin, and K. Del Tredici, “Stages of the Pathologic Process in Alzheimer Disease: Age Categories From 1 to 100 Years,” Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 70, no. 11 (2011): 960–969, https://doi.org/10.1097/NEN.0b013e318232a379.
    1. M. Prince, A. Wimo, M. Guerchet, G.‐C. Ali, Y.‐T. Wu, and M. Prina, World Alzheimer Report 2015. The Global Impact of Dementia: An Analysis of Prevalence, Incidence, Cost and Trends (Alzheimer's Disease International, 2015).

Supplementary concepts

LinkOut - more resources