Unraveling Restless Legs Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review of Current Research and Future Directions

Abstract

Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is a prevalent neurosensory motor disorder that significantly affects the quality of life of patients. This article provides a comprehensive review of advancements in RLS research encompassing epidemiology, genetics, pathophysiology, diagnostic methodologies, and treatment approaches. Epidemiological investigations have established the global prevalence of RLS, highlighting variations in age, sex, and race, and their association with medical conditions such as pregnancy, anemia, and chronic kidney disease. Genetic research has concentrated on familial inheritance patterns, the functions of associated genes, and the interplay between genetic predispositions and environmental influences. Pathophysiological studies have examined the involvement of the central nervous system, dopaminergic system, and neurotransmitter imbalances in the etiology of RLS. The diagnostic techniques discussed include the progression of clinical diagnostic criteria, application of imaging modalities, laboratory examinations, such as serum ferritin assessment, and identification of biomarkers. Treatment strategies encompass both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions along with the exploration of personalized treatment options. Furthermore, this article anticipates the integration of emerging technologies in RLS research, the increasing trend of interdisciplinary collaboration, and the challenges and opportunities that future research may encounter with the objective of providing a thorough reference for advanced research and clinical practice concerning RLS.

Keywords: RLS; TCM; dopamine; dopamine receptor agonists; neurotransmitter.