. 2025 Jul 11:5:104319.

doi: 10.1016/j.bas.2025.104319. eCollection 2025.

Consensus on the management of traumatic brain injury in older adults: Results from a Delphi study

Alfonso Lagares^{1

2

3

4}, Bart Depreitere⁵, Niklas Marklund⁶, Ana María Castano Leon^{1

2

3

4}, Jussi P Posti^{7

8

9}, Alexander Younsi¹⁰, Sam Klein¹¹; EANS Neurotrauma and Critical Care Section and expert panel members

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

EANS Neurotrauma and Critical Care Section and expert panel members:
Marios Papadopoulos¹², Nino Stocchetti¹³, Chiara Robba¹⁴, A Luzius¹⁵, Pedro A Gomez¹⁶, Marcel Aries¹⁷, P Bouzat¹⁸, Markus Holling¹⁹, Juan Antonio Llompart-Pou²⁰, Stefan Wolf²¹, Antonio Belli²², Patrick Czorlich²³, Mortimer Gierthmuehlen²⁴, T A van Essen²⁵, A Frederick²⁶, Elham Rostami²⁷, Parmenion Tsitsopoulos²⁸, Robert David Stevens²⁹, Juan Sahuquillo³⁰, Jean-F Payen³¹, Eric Thelin³², Terje Sundström³³, Adolfo de la Lama Zaragoza³⁴, Alexander Younsi³⁵, Iftakher Hossain Neurocenter³⁶, Andras Buki³⁷, Peter Toth³⁸, Andreas Unterberg³⁹, Corrado Iaccarino⁴⁰, Lars Owe D Koskinen⁴¹, A Jonathan⁴², Fiona Lecky⁴³, David Wright⁴⁴, Hiroshi Karibe⁴⁵, Juan Luis Pinedo Portilla⁴⁶, Takeshi Maeda⁴⁷, Ahmed El Fiki⁴⁸, Guoyi Gao⁴⁹, Dirk Lindner⁵⁰, Johan Unden⁵¹, Pedro Delgado⁵², Oliver Sakowitz⁵³, Fabio Silvio Taccone⁵⁴, Javier Ibañez⁵⁵, Eiichi Suehiro⁵⁶, Andrew Maas⁵⁷, Martin Schuhmann⁵⁸, Giuseppe Citerio⁵⁹, Johan Ljungqvist⁶⁰, Geert Meyfroidt⁶¹, Jonathan Ratcliff⁶², K Hamisi⁶³, Andrew Reisner⁶⁴, Nicole Terpolilli⁶⁵, U Max Mauer⁶⁶, Jürgen Meixensberger⁶⁷, Mads Aarhus⁶⁸, Teemu Luoto⁶⁹, Ondra Petr⁷⁰, A Maria⁷¹, Fredrik Ginstman⁷², Jose Af Alén⁷³, Eberhard Uhl⁷⁴, Guillermo Carbayo⁷⁵, Angelos Kolias⁷⁶

Affiliations

¹ Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
² Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
³ Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias 12 de Octubre, imas12, Madrid, Spain.
⁴ Department of Neurosurgery Hospital Blua Sanitas Valdebebas, Madrid, Spain.
⁵ Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁶ Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund University and Department of Neurosurgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
⁷ Neurocenter, Department of Neurosurgery, Turku University Hospital, Finland.
⁸ Turku Brain Injury Center, Turku University Hospital, Finland.
⁹ Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurosurgery, University of Turku, Finland.
¹⁰ Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
¹¹ Neurosurgery Center Limburg, Belgium.
¹² St George's Hospital London, England, UK.
¹³ Dipartimento Fisiopatologia e Trapianti, Univ di Milano Neurorianimazione, Fondazione IRCCS C Granda Ospedale Maggiore, Policlinico Milano, Italy.
¹⁴ Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS per Oncologia e Neuroscienze, Genova, Italy.
¹⁵ Steiner, Anaesthesiology Clinic for Anaesthesia, Intermediate Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy Medical Head, Department of Acute Medicine, University Hospital of Basel, Switzerland.
¹⁶ Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
¹⁷ Maastricht University Medical Center, School of Mental Health and Clinical Sciences, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
¹⁸ Department of Anesthesiology and intensive Care Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France.
¹⁹ Department of Neurosurgery University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
²⁰ Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma, Spain.
²¹ NeuroIntensive Care Unit 102i, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany.
²² University of Birmingham, UK.
²³ University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Neurosurgery Martinistr, 52 20246, Hamburg, German, UK.
²⁴ Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum in der Schornau, 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany.
²⁵ University Neurosurgical Center Holland, Leiden University Medical Center, Haaglanden Medical Center and Haga Teaching Hospital, Leiden and the Hague, the Netherlands.
²⁶ Zeiler Depts of Surgery, Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Biomedical Engineering University of Manitoba, Canada.
²⁷ Uppsala University Hospital Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala, Sweden.
²⁸ Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
²⁹ Precision Medicine and Informatics, Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
³⁰ Department of Neurosurgery, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Barcelona, Spain.
³¹ Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care at the Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, France.
³² Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
³³ Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway.
³⁴ Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Spain.
³⁵ University Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg, Germany.
³⁶ Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
³⁷ University of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden.
³⁸ Department of Neurosurgery Medical School, University of Pecs, Hungary.
³⁹ Department of Neurosurgery Univ. Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁴⁰ School of Neurosurgery Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
⁴¹ Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umea, Sweden.
⁴² Grossberg, Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁴³ University of Sheffield, University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust Centre for Urgent and Emergency Care REsearch (CURE) Health Services Research, School of Health and Related Research, Regent's Court, Regent Street, Sheffield, UK.
⁴⁴ Department of Emergency Medicine at Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁴⁵ Department of Neurosurgery, Sendai City Hospital, Tohoku University, Japan.
⁴⁶ Intensive Care Medicine AUNA Clinica Lambayeque, Peru.
⁴⁷ Departments of Neurological Surgery & Anesthesiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan.
⁴⁸ Neurosurgery, Neurotrauma Unit Emergency Hospital, Cairo University, Egypt.
⁴⁹ Department of Neurosurgery Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing, China.
⁵⁰ Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany.
⁵¹ Dept Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Hallands Hospital Halmstad and Lund University, Sweden.
⁵² Neurosurgery Department, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Spain.
⁵³ Neurochirurgisches Zentrum Ludwigsburg-Heilbronn Klinikum Ludwigsburg Posilipostr, Ludwigsburg, Germany.
⁵⁴ Head of ICU Department Hospital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), Universita Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
⁵⁵ Department of Neurosurgery Son Espases Univ, Hospital Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
⁵⁶ Department of Neurosurgery, International University of Health and Welfare, School of Medicine, 852 Hatakeda, Narita, Chiba, Japan.
⁵⁷ Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium.
⁵⁸ Departement of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Germany.
⁵⁹ School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy.
⁶⁰ Department of Neurosurgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
⁶¹ Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁶² Emory University School of Medicine, Neuroscience ICU Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁶³ Shabani Muhimbili Orthopedic Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
⁶⁴ Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁶⁵ Department of Neurosurgery, Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany.
⁶⁶ Departmemt of Neurosurgery, Armed Forces Hospital Ulm, Germany.
⁶⁷ Department of Neurosurgery, University of Leipzig, Germany.
⁶⁸ Dept. of Neurosurgery Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
⁶⁹ Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
⁷⁰ Neurosurgical Dept. of Neurosurgery Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
⁷¹ Poca Department of Neurosurgery, Neurotraumatology and Neurosurgery Research Unit (UNINN) Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
⁷² University Hospital Linkoping, Sweden.
⁷³ Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain.
⁷⁴ Dept. of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Giessen, Germany.
⁷⁵ Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, Bilbao, Spain.
⁷⁶ University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK.

PMID: 40718845
PMCID: PMC12296501
DOI: 10.1016/j.bas.2025.104319

Consensus on the management of traumatic brain injury in older adults: Results from a Delphi study

Alfonso Lagares et al. Brain Spine. 2025.

. 2025 Jul 11:5:104319.

doi: 10.1016/j.bas.2025.104319. eCollection 2025.

Authors

Collaborators

EANS Neurotrauma and Critical Care Section and expert panel members:
Marios Papadopoulos¹², Nino Stocchetti¹³, Chiara Robba¹⁴, A Luzius¹⁵, Pedro A Gomez¹⁶, Marcel Aries¹⁷, P Bouzat¹⁸, Markus Holling¹⁹, Juan Antonio Llompart-Pou²⁰, Stefan Wolf²¹, Antonio Belli²², Patrick Czorlich²³, Mortimer Gierthmuehlen²⁴, T A van Essen²⁵, A Frederick²⁶, Elham Rostami²⁷, Parmenion Tsitsopoulos²⁸, Robert David Stevens²⁹, Juan Sahuquillo³⁰, Jean-F Payen³¹, Eric Thelin³², Terje Sundström³³, Adolfo de la Lama Zaragoza³⁴, Alexander Younsi³⁵, Iftakher Hossain Neurocenter³⁶, Andras Buki³⁷, Peter Toth³⁸, Andreas Unterberg³⁹, Corrado Iaccarino⁴⁰, Lars Owe D Koskinen⁴¹, A Jonathan⁴², Fiona Lecky⁴³, David Wright⁴⁴, Hiroshi Karibe⁴⁵, Juan Luis Pinedo Portilla⁴⁶, Takeshi Maeda⁴⁷, Ahmed El Fiki⁴⁸, Guoyi Gao⁴⁹, Dirk Lindner⁵⁰, Johan Unden⁵¹, Pedro Delgado⁵², Oliver Sakowitz⁵³, Fabio Silvio Taccone⁵⁴, Javier Ibañez⁵⁵, Eiichi Suehiro⁵⁶, Andrew Maas⁵⁷, Martin Schuhmann⁵⁸, Giuseppe Citerio⁵⁹, Johan Ljungqvist⁶⁰, Geert Meyfroidt⁶¹, Jonathan Ratcliff⁶², K Hamisi⁶³, Andrew Reisner⁶⁴, Nicole Terpolilli⁶⁵, U Max Mauer⁶⁶, Jürgen Meixensberger⁶⁷, Mads Aarhus⁶⁸, Teemu Luoto⁶⁹, Ondra Petr⁷⁰, A Maria⁷¹, Fredrik Ginstman⁷², Jose Af Alén⁷³, Eberhard Uhl⁷⁴, Guillermo Carbayo⁷⁵, Angelos Kolias⁷⁶

Affiliations

¹ Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
² Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
³ Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias 12 de Octubre, imas12, Madrid, Spain.
⁴ Department of Neurosurgery Hospital Blua Sanitas Valdebebas, Madrid, Spain.
⁵ Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁶ Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund University and Department of Neurosurgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
⁷ Neurocenter, Department of Neurosurgery, Turku University Hospital, Finland.
⁸ Turku Brain Injury Center, Turku University Hospital, Finland.
⁹ Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurosurgery, University of Turku, Finland.
¹⁰ Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
¹¹ Neurosurgery Center Limburg, Belgium.
¹² St George's Hospital London, England, UK.
¹³ Dipartimento Fisiopatologia e Trapianti, Univ di Milano Neurorianimazione, Fondazione IRCCS C Granda Ospedale Maggiore, Policlinico Milano, Italy.
¹⁴ Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS per Oncologia e Neuroscienze, Genova, Italy.
¹⁵ Steiner, Anaesthesiology Clinic for Anaesthesia, Intermediate Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy Medical Head, Department of Acute Medicine, University Hospital of Basel, Switzerland.
¹⁶ Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
¹⁷ Maastricht University Medical Center, School of Mental Health and Clinical Sciences, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
¹⁸ Department of Anesthesiology and intensive Care Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France.
¹⁹ Department of Neurosurgery University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
²⁰ Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma, Spain.
²¹ NeuroIntensive Care Unit 102i, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany.
²² University of Birmingham, UK.
²³ University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Neurosurgery Martinistr, 52 20246, Hamburg, German, UK.
²⁴ Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum in der Schornau, 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany.
²⁵ University Neurosurgical Center Holland, Leiden University Medical Center, Haaglanden Medical Center and Haga Teaching Hospital, Leiden and the Hague, the Netherlands.
²⁶ Zeiler Depts of Surgery, Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Biomedical Engineering University of Manitoba, Canada.
²⁷ Uppsala University Hospital Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala, Sweden.
²⁸ Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
²⁹ Precision Medicine and Informatics, Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
³⁰ Department of Neurosurgery, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Barcelona, Spain.
³¹ Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care at the Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, France.
³² Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
³³ Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway.
³⁴ Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Spain.
³⁵ University Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg, Germany.
³⁶ Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
³⁷ University of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden.
³⁸ Department of Neurosurgery Medical School, University of Pecs, Hungary.
³⁹ Department of Neurosurgery Univ. Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁴⁰ School of Neurosurgery Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
⁴¹ Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umea, Sweden.
⁴² Grossberg, Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁴³ University of Sheffield, University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust Centre for Urgent and Emergency Care REsearch (CURE) Health Services Research, School of Health and Related Research, Regent's Court, Regent Street, Sheffield, UK.
⁴⁴ Department of Emergency Medicine at Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁴⁵ Department of Neurosurgery, Sendai City Hospital, Tohoku University, Japan.
⁴⁶ Intensive Care Medicine AUNA Clinica Lambayeque, Peru.
⁴⁷ Departments of Neurological Surgery & Anesthesiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan.
⁴⁸ Neurosurgery, Neurotrauma Unit Emergency Hospital, Cairo University, Egypt.
⁴⁹ Department of Neurosurgery Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing, China.
⁵⁰ Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany.
⁵¹ Dept Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Hallands Hospital Halmstad and Lund University, Sweden.
⁵² Neurosurgery Department, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Spain.
⁵³ Neurochirurgisches Zentrum Ludwigsburg-Heilbronn Klinikum Ludwigsburg Posilipostr, Ludwigsburg, Germany.
⁵⁴ Head of ICU Department Hospital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), Universita Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
⁵⁵ Department of Neurosurgery Son Espases Univ, Hospital Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
⁵⁶ Department of Neurosurgery, International University of Health and Welfare, School of Medicine, 852 Hatakeda, Narita, Chiba, Japan.
⁵⁷ Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium.
⁵⁸ Departement of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Germany.
⁵⁹ School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy.
⁶⁰ Department of Neurosurgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
⁶¹ Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁶² Emory University School of Medicine, Neuroscience ICU Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁶³ Shabani Muhimbili Orthopedic Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
⁶⁴ Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁶⁵ Department of Neurosurgery, Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany.
⁶⁶ Departmemt of Neurosurgery, Armed Forces Hospital Ulm, Germany.
⁶⁷ Department of Neurosurgery, University of Leipzig, Germany.
⁶⁸ Dept. of Neurosurgery Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
⁶⁹ Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
⁷⁰ Neurosurgical Dept. of Neurosurgery Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
⁷¹ Poca Department of Neurosurgery, Neurotraumatology and Neurosurgery Research Unit (UNINN) Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
⁷² University Hospital Linkoping, Sweden.
⁷³ Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain.
⁷⁴ Dept. of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Giessen, Germany.
⁷⁵ Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, Bilbao, Spain.
⁷⁶ University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK.

PMID: 40718845
PMCID: PMC12296501
DOI: 10.1016/j.bas.2025.104319

Abstract

Introduction: As the world population is rapidly becoming older, the incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is increasing among older adults with vast implications for brain health of older adults in Europe. Due to differences from younger patients, there are areas of uncertainty in the assessment, diagnosis and management of TBI in older adults.

Research question: To reach a consensus among experts on statements regarding the definition of old age, assessment, diagnosis and management of traumatic brain injury in older adults.

Materials and methods: A modified Delphi method consisting of two online rounds was organised, followed by an in-person meeting. Consensus was defined as >75 % agreement. In the second online round the experts were able to view their first assessment and the average of the group. Some statements were rephrased and presented again in the in-person meeting. Questions with numerical data could not be assessed by consensus and descriptive and non-parametric statistics were used to analyze them.

Results: Experts (n = 72), from different nationalities (Europe, United States, Latin America, Africa and Asia) and specialities (Neurosurgery, Emergency Medicine, Intensive care medicine) responded on 62 statements. Consensus was finally reached on 44 statements regarding the definition of older adulthood, as well as the assessment, surgical and intensive care management, discharge, and rehabilitation of patients.

Discussion and conclusions: This consensus reinforces the importance of this area for physicians and researchers interested in traumatic brain injury. It signals important areas of agreement as well as future topics for research and specific knowledge gaps.

Keywords: Aged; Clinical management; Diagnosis; Outcome; Traumatic brain injury; consensus.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:Alfonso Lagares reports a relationship with bioMérieux SA that includes: consulting or advisory. Jussi Posti reports a relationship with Sanofi SA that includes: consulting or advisory. Jussi Posti reports a relationship with Finnish Medical Association that includes: consulting or advisory. Jussi Posti reports a relationship with National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke that includes: travel reimbursement. Jussi Posti reports a relationship with Wellbeing services counti of North Karelia that includes: consulting or advisory. Jussi Posti reports a relationship with Finnish Association of Otorhinolaryngology that includes: consulting or advisory. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

**Fig. 1**
Overview of the 4 round Delphi study process.

**Fig. 2**
Summary of statements in which consensus was obtained.

**Fig. 3**
Quantitative age limits for definition of older adult age and surgical treatment.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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Consensus on the management of traumatic brain injury in older adults: Results from a Delphi study

Collaborators

Affiliations

Consensus on the management of traumatic brain injury in older adults: Results from a Delphi study

Authors

Collaborators

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Research Materials