Defining Global Benchmarks for Robotic Liver Resections: An International Multicenter Study

Brian K P Goh^{1

2}, Iswanto Sucandy³, Darren W Chua^{1

2}, Qu Liu⁴, Bjørn Edwin⁵, Davit Aghayan⁵, Guillaume Millet⁶, Francesca Ratti⁷, Wanguang Zhang⁸, Olivier Scatton⁹, Fabricio Ferreira Coelho¹⁰, Safi Dokmak¹¹, Vincenzo Mazzaferro¹², Adrian K H Chiow¹³, Florian Primavesi¹⁴, Arpad Ivanecz¹⁵, Sung-Hoon Choi¹⁶, Jae Hoon Lee¹⁷, Mikel Prieto¹⁸, Marco Vivarelli¹⁹, Felice Giuliante²⁰, Andrea Ruzzenente²¹, Chee-Chien Yong²², Mengqiu Yin²³, Constantino Fondevila²⁴, Mikhail Efanov²⁵, Zenichi Morise²⁶, Fabrizio Di Benedetto²⁷, Raffaele Brustia²⁸, Raffaele Dalla Valle²⁹, Ugo Boggi³⁰, David Geller³¹, Andrea Belli³², Riccardo Memeo³³, Kiyoshi Hasegawa³⁴, Roland S Croner³⁵, Salvatore Gruttadauria³⁶, Jason Hawksworth³⁷, James O Park³⁸, Fernando Rotellar³⁹, Gi-Hong Choi⁴⁰, Ricardo Robles-Campos⁴¹, Xiaoying Wang⁴², Robert P Sutcliffe⁴³, Felix Krenzien⁴⁴, Johann Pratschke⁴⁴, Eric C H Lai⁴⁵, Charing C N Chong⁴⁶, Takeaki Ishizawa⁴⁷, Kazuteru Monden⁴⁸, Santiago Lopez-Ben⁴⁹, T Peter Kingham⁵⁰, Alessandro Ferrero⁵¹, Giuseppe Maria Ettorre⁵², Xiao Liang⁵³, Alejandro Mejia⁵⁴, Marco V Marino⁵⁵, Rutger-Jan Swijnenburg⁵⁶, Go Wakabayashi⁵⁷, Roberto I Troisi⁵⁸, Tan-To Cheung⁵⁹, Atsushi Sugioka⁶⁰, Motokazu Sugimoto⁶¹, Ismail Labgaa⁶², Moritz Schmelzle⁶³, Etsuro Hatano⁶⁴, Umberto Cillo⁶⁵, Tran Cong Duy Long⁶⁶, Yufu Peng⁶⁷, Yonggang Wei⁶⁷, Zha Yong⁶⁸, Soufyan El Adel⁶⁹, Ho-Seong Han⁷⁰, Olivier Soubrane⁷¹, David Fuks⁷¹, Kuo-Hsin Chen⁷², Mathieu D'Hondt⁷³, Mohammad Abu Hilal^{69

74}, Luca Aldrighetti⁷, Rong Liu⁴; International robotic and laparoscopic liver resection study group investigators

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

International robotic and laparoscopic liver resection study group investigators:
Mikel Gastaca, Celine De Meyere, Ismael Chaoui, Kit-Fai Lee, Kenneth Chok, Pavel Tarakanov, Anna Koroleva, Nita Thiruchelvam, Jae Young Jang, Masayuki Kojima, Yutaro Kato, Paulo Herman, Jaime Arthur Pirola Kruger, Victor Lopez-Lopez, Margarida Casellas I Robert, Gianluca Rompianesi, Mariano Giglio, Mizelle D'Silva, Boram Lee, Hao-Ping Wang, Daniel Cherqui, Franco Pascual, Mansour Saleh, Mohammed Ghallab, Nasser Abdul Halim, Zewei Chen, Shian Yu, Simone Vani, Francesco Ardito, Simone Famularo, Ugo Giustizieri, Davide Citterio, Federico Mocchegiani, Giammauro Berardi, Marco Colasanti, Yoelimar Guzmán, Kevin P Labadie, Kristin Goodsell, Maria Conticchio, Epameinondas Dogeas, Emanuele F Kauffmann, Mario Giuffrida, Daniele Sommacale, Alexis Laurent, Paolo Magistri, Kohei Mishima, Prashant Kadam, Chung Ngai Tang, Fabio Forchino, Bernardo Dalla Valle, Francois Cauchy, Elias Karam, Alessandro Mazzotta, Junhao Zheng, Phan Phuoc Nghia, Chetana Lim, Gabriela Pilz da Cunha, Marc G Besselink, Fei Liu, Bo Li, Yoshikuni Kawaguchi, Mirhasan Rahimli, Marco Barbara, Duilio Pagano, Federica Cipriani, Qu Liu, Tiing-Foong Siow, Gaetan-Romain Joliat, Nicolas Demartines, Kentaro Iwaki, Satoshi Ogiso, Jacopo Lanari, Nora Nevermann, Stefan Staettner, Wan-Bo Shen, Jacob Ghotbi, Åsmund Avdem Fretland

Affiliations

¹ Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Singapore General Hospital and National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore.
² Surgery Academic Clinical Program, Duke National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore.
³ Digestive Health Institute, AdventHealth Tampa, Tampa, Florida, USA.
⁴ Faculty of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, the First Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China.
⁵ The Intervention Centre and Department of HPB Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
⁶ Digestive Surgery and Transplantation Department, CHU de Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France.
⁷ Hepatobiliary Surgery Division, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.
⁸ Hepatic Surgery Center and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
⁹ Department of Digestive, HBP and Liver Transplantation, Hopital Pitie-Salpetriere, Sorbonne Universite, Paris, France.
¹⁰ Liver Surgery Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
¹¹ Department of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Beaujon Hospital, University Paris Cite, Clichy, France.
¹² HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Milano and University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
¹³ Hepatopancreatobiliary Unit, Department of Surgery, Changi General Hospital, Singapore.
¹⁴ Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Salzkammergutklinikum Voecklabruck, Austria.
¹⁵ Department of Abdominal and General Surgery, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia.
¹⁶ Department of General Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea.
¹⁷ Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
¹⁸ Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain.
¹⁹ HPB Surgery and Transplantation Unit, United Hospital of Ancona, Department of Sperimental and Clinical Medicine Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
²⁰ Hepatobiliary Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
²¹ General and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics University of Verona, GB Rossi Hospital, Verona, Italy.
²² Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
²³ Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China.
²⁴ General and Digestive Surgery, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain and General and Digestive Surgery, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain.
²⁵ Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Moscow Clinical Scientific Center, Moscow, Russia.
²⁶ Department of Surgery, Okazaki Medical Center, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Okazaki, Japan.
²⁷ HPB Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
²⁸ Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, AP-HP, Henri-Mondor Hospital, Creteil, France.
²⁹ Hepatobiliary Surgery Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
³⁰ Division of General and Transplant Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
³¹ Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
³² Department of Abdominal Oncology, Division of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center - IRCCS-G. Pascale, Naples, Italy.
³³ Unit of Hepato-Pancreatc-Biliary Surgery, "F. Miulli" General Regional Hospital, Acquaviva delle Fonti, Bari, Italy.
³⁴ Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
³⁵ Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
³⁶ Department for the Treatment and Study of Abdominal Diseases and Abdominal Transplantation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico-Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione (IRCCS-ISMETT), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Italy, Palermo, Italy and Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
³⁷ MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, 2 PHC, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA and Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
³⁸ Department of Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center. Seattle, USA.
³⁹ HPB and Liver Transplant Unit, Department of General Surgery, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain & Institute of Health Research of Navarra (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain.
⁴⁰ Division of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
⁴¹ Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Clinic and University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-ARRIXACA, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
⁴² Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
⁴³ Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Liver Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
⁴⁴ Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
⁴⁵ Department of Surgery, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China.
⁴⁶ Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
⁴⁷ Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan.
⁴⁸ Department of Surgery, Fukuyama City Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan.
⁴⁹ Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, IdIBGi, Girona, Spain.
⁵⁰ Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
⁵¹ Department of General and Oncological Surgery. Mauriziano Hospital, Turin, Italy.
⁵² Division of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy.
⁵³ Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
⁵⁴ The Liver Institute, Methodist Dallas Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
⁵⁵ General Surgery Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia-Cervello, Palermo, Italy and Oncologic Surgery Department, P. Giaccone University Hospital, Palermo, Italy.
⁵⁶ Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
⁵⁷ Center for Advanced Treatment of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Ageo Central General Hospital, Saitama, Japan.
⁵⁸ Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Division of HPB, Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgery, Federico II University Hospital Naples, Naples, Italy.
⁵⁹ Department of Surgery, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
⁶⁰ Department of Surgery, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan.
⁶¹ Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, National Cancer Hospital East, Chiba, Japan.
⁶² Department of Visceral Surgery, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
⁶³ Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
⁶⁴ Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
⁶⁵ Department of Surgical Science, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), Hepatobiliary pancreatic surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy.
⁶⁶ Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
⁶⁷ Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
⁶⁸ Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University，Peking University Cancer Hospital Yunnan, China.
⁶⁹ Department of Surgery, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy.
⁷⁰ Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital Bundang, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
⁷¹ Department of Digestive, Oncologic and Metabolic Surgery, Institute Mutualiste Montsouris, Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
⁷² Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
⁷³ Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Groeninge Hospital, Kortrijk, Belgium.
⁷⁴ Department of Surgery, University Hospital Southampton, United Kingdom.

PMID: 40720601
DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000006852

Defining Global Benchmarks for Robotic Liver Resections: An International Multicenter Study

Brian K P Goh et al. Ann Surg. 2025.

. 2025 Jul 25.

doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000006852. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Collaborators

International robotic and laparoscopic liver resection study group investigators:
Mikel Gastaca, Celine De Meyere, Ismael Chaoui, Kit-Fai Lee, Kenneth Chok, Pavel Tarakanov, Anna Koroleva, Nita Thiruchelvam, Jae Young Jang, Masayuki Kojima, Yutaro Kato, Paulo Herman, Jaime Arthur Pirola Kruger, Victor Lopez-Lopez, Margarida Casellas I Robert, Gianluca Rompianesi, Mariano Giglio, Mizelle D'Silva, Boram Lee, Hao-Ping Wang, Daniel Cherqui, Franco Pascual, Mansour Saleh, Mohammed Ghallab, Nasser Abdul Halim, Zewei Chen, Shian Yu, Simone Vani, Francesco Ardito, Simone Famularo, Ugo Giustizieri, Davide Citterio, Federico Mocchegiani, Giammauro Berardi, Marco Colasanti, Yoelimar Guzmán, Kevin P Labadie, Kristin Goodsell, Maria Conticchio, Epameinondas Dogeas, Emanuele F Kauffmann, Mario Giuffrida, Daniele Sommacale, Alexis Laurent, Paolo Magistri, Kohei Mishima, Prashant Kadam, Chung Ngai Tang, Fabio Forchino, Bernardo Dalla Valle, Francois Cauchy, Elias Karam, Alessandro Mazzotta, Junhao Zheng, Phan Phuoc Nghia, Chetana Lim, Gabriela Pilz da Cunha, Marc G Besselink, Fei Liu, Bo Li, Yoshikuni Kawaguchi, Mirhasan Rahimli, Marco Barbara, Duilio Pagano, Federica Cipriani, Qu Liu, Tiing-Foong Siow, Gaetan-Romain Joliat, Nicolas Demartines, Kentaro Iwaki, Satoshi Ogiso, Jacopo Lanari, Nora Nevermann, Stefan Staettner, Wan-Bo Shen, Jacob Ghotbi, Åsmund Avdem Fretland

Affiliations

¹ Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Singapore General Hospital and National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore.
² Surgery Academic Clinical Program, Duke National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore.
³ Digestive Health Institute, AdventHealth Tampa, Tampa, Florida, USA.
⁴ Faculty of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, the First Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China.
⁵ The Intervention Centre and Department of HPB Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
⁶ Digestive Surgery and Transplantation Department, CHU de Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France.
⁷ Hepatobiliary Surgery Division, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.
⁸ Hepatic Surgery Center and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
⁹ Department of Digestive, HBP and Liver Transplantation, Hopital Pitie-Salpetriere, Sorbonne Universite, Paris, France.
¹⁰ Liver Surgery Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
¹¹ Department of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Beaujon Hospital, University Paris Cite, Clichy, France.
¹² HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Milano and University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
¹³ Hepatopancreatobiliary Unit, Department of Surgery, Changi General Hospital, Singapore.
¹⁴ Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Salzkammergutklinikum Voecklabruck, Austria.
¹⁵ Department of Abdominal and General Surgery, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia.
¹⁶ Department of General Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea.
¹⁷ Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
¹⁸ Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain.
¹⁹ HPB Surgery and Transplantation Unit, United Hospital of Ancona, Department of Sperimental and Clinical Medicine Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
²⁰ Hepatobiliary Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
²¹ General and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics University of Verona, GB Rossi Hospital, Verona, Italy.
²² Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
²³ Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China.
²⁴ General and Digestive Surgery, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain and General and Digestive Surgery, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain.
²⁵ Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Moscow Clinical Scientific Center, Moscow, Russia.
²⁶ Department of Surgery, Okazaki Medical Center, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Okazaki, Japan.
²⁷ HPB Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
²⁸ Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, AP-HP, Henri-Mondor Hospital, Creteil, France.
²⁹ Hepatobiliary Surgery Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
³⁰ Division of General and Transplant Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
³¹ Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
³² Department of Abdominal Oncology, Division of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center - IRCCS-G. Pascale, Naples, Italy.
³³ Unit of Hepato-Pancreatc-Biliary Surgery, "F. Miulli" General Regional Hospital, Acquaviva delle Fonti, Bari, Italy.
³⁴ Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
³⁵ Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
³⁶ Department for the Treatment and Study of Abdominal Diseases and Abdominal Transplantation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico-Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione (IRCCS-ISMETT), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Italy, Palermo, Italy and Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
³⁷ MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, 2 PHC, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA and Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
³⁸ Department of Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center. Seattle, USA.
³⁹ HPB and Liver Transplant Unit, Department of General Surgery, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain & Institute of Health Research of Navarra (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain.
⁴⁰ Division of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
⁴¹ Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Clinic and University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-ARRIXACA, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
⁴² Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
⁴³ Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Liver Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
⁴⁴ Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
⁴⁵ Department of Surgery, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China.
⁴⁶ Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
⁴⁷ Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan.
⁴⁸ Department of Surgery, Fukuyama City Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan.
⁴⁹ Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, IdIBGi, Girona, Spain.
⁵⁰ Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
⁵¹ Department of General and Oncological Surgery. Mauriziano Hospital, Turin, Italy.
⁵² Division of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy.
⁵³ Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
⁵⁴ The Liver Institute, Methodist Dallas Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
⁵⁵ General Surgery Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia-Cervello, Palermo, Italy and Oncologic Surgery Department, P. Giaccone University Hospital, Palermo, Italy.
⁵⁶ Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
⁵⁷ Center for Advanced Treatment of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Ageo Central General Hospital, Saitama, Japan.
⁵⁸ Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Division of HPB, Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgery, Federico II University Hospital Naples, Naples, Italy.
⁵⁹ Department of Surgery, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
⁶⁰ Department of Surgery, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan.
⁶¹ Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, National Cancer Hospital East, Chiba, Japan.
⁶² Department of Visceral Surgery, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
⁶³ Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
⁶⁴ Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
⁶⁵ Department of Surgical Science, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), Hepatobiliary pancreatic surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy.
⁶⁶ Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
⁶⁷ Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
⁶⁸ Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University，Peking University Cancer Hospital Yunnan, China.
⁶⁹ Department of Surgery, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy.
⁷⁰ Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital Bundang, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
⁷¹ Department of Digestive, Oncologic and Metabolic Surgery, Institute Mutualiste Montsouris, Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
⁷² Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
⁷³ Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Groeninge Hospital, Kortrijk, Belgium.
⁷⁴ Department of Surgery, University Hospital Southampton, United Kingdom.

PMID: 40720601
DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000006852

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to establish global benchmark outcomes indicators for robotic liver resections (R-LR).

Background: In recent years, minimally invasive liver resections and in particular R-LR has seen an increase in uptake in recent years. Although, benchmark outcomes have been recently established for laparoscopic (L) -LR, this has not been established for R-LR.

Methods: This is a post hoc analysis of a multicenter database of 5,213 patients undergoing R-LR in 51 international centers between 2016 and 2022. Benchmark cutoffs for 16 outcome indicators of low-risk R-LR were established. The 75 th percentile of individual center medians for a given outcome indicator was set as the benchmark cutoff. Four procedures were selected for benchmarking: left lateral sectionectomy(LLS)/H23, left hepatectomy(LH)/H234±1, right hepatectomy(RH)/H5678±1 and right posterior sectionectomy/H67 (RPS).

Results: There were 1,654 R-LR cases (528 LLS/H23, 432 LH/H234±1, 408 RH/H5678±1, 286 RPS/H67) performed in 24 expert centers, of which 518 (31.3%) R-LR cases qualified as low risk benchmark cases. Benchmark outcomes were established for R-LLS/H23, R-LH/ H234±1, R-RH/ H5678±1 and R-RPS/H67 for operation time (190, 323, 474, 413) min, open conversion rate (0.0, 0.0, 1.3, 0.0)%, estimated blood loss (100, 250, 600, 550) mls, blood transfusion rate (0.0 ,0.0, 20.0, 29.2)%, postoperative major morbidity (0.0 ,0.0, 20.9, 16.7)%, 90-day mortality (0.0, 0.0,0.0, 0.0)% and textbook outcome (12.5,24.3,0,0)%.

Conclusions: The present study established the first global benchmark values for R-LR. It provided an up-to-date reference of best achievable outcomes for auditing and benchmarking.

Keywords: benchmark; global; hepatectomy; liver resection; robotic.

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Defining Global Benchmarks for Robotic Liver Resections: An International Multicenter Study

Collaborators

Affiliations

Defining Global Benchmarks for Robotic Liver Resections: An International Multicenter Study

Authors

Collaborators

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources