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. 2025 Jul 28;15(1):27416.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-13058-4.

Exploring latent classes of complete blood count profiles and their association with smoking status in the Bandar Kong cohort study

Ali Mouseli  1 , Pejman Shahrokhi  2 , Mehdi Sharafi  3 , Zahra Mastaneh  4 , Abdollah Gharibzadeh  5 , Leila Jamali  6 , Arash Shekari  7
Affiliations

Exploring latent classes of complete blood count profiles and their association with smoking status in the Bandar Kong cohort study

Ali Mouseli et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Smoking is a significant modifiable risk factor influencing various health outcomes, including hematologic indices. This study investigates the association between smoking status and latent classes of complete blood count (CBC) profiles in older adults. Data were analyzed from the baseline phase of the Bandar Kong Cohort Study, including adults aged ≥ 35 years. Latent class analysis (LCA) was employed to identify subgroups based on CBC indices. Logistic regression was applied to examine associations between smoking status and class membership, adjusting for potential confounders. Four latent classes were identified: Class 1 (microcytic normochromic anemia; prevalence: 39.3%), Class 2 (beta-thalassemia minor; 13.8%), Class 3 (iron deficiency anemia; 34.4%), and Class 4 (mixed anemia; 12.5%). Current smoking was significantly associated with higher odds of membership in Class 2 (OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.05-2.16) and Class 4 (OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.08-2.10) compared to Class 1. Former smoking showed no significant associations. Smoking is significantly associated with specific CBC profiles, particularly beta-thalassemia minor and mixed anemia. These findings underscore the importance of considering smoking history in anemia diagnosis and management while highlighting the potential benefits of smoking cessation in mitigating adverse hematologic effects.

Keywords: Anemia; Bandar kong cohort study; Beta-thalassemia; Blood cell count; Latent class analysis; PERSIAN cohort; Smoking.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The authors fully adhered to ethical standards regarding issues such as plagiarism, informed consent, misconduct, data fabrication and falsification, duplicate publication or submission, and redundancy. This research was conducted following the ethical guidelines outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines. Additionally, the study received approval from the Research Ethics Committee of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences (IR.HUMS.REC.1402.363). This study utilized baseline data from the Kong Cohort Study, and informed consent was obtained from all participants. The cohort profile of the Bandar Kong study has been published previously47. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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