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. 2025 Jul 1;13(7):1614.
doi: 10.3390/biomedicines13071614.

Severe Traumatic Brain Injuries and Associated Outcomes at a Level 1 Trauma Center

Bharti Sharma  1   2 , Tirth Patel  1   2 , Hasan Al-Ali  3 , George Agriantonis  1   2 , Navin D Bhatia  1   2 , Carrie Garcia  1 , Praise Nesamony  1 , Jasmine Dave  1   2 , Juan Mestre  1   2 , Shalini Arora  1   2 , Saad Bhatti  1   2 , Zahra Shafaee  1   2 , Suganda Phalakornkul  1   2 , Kate Twelker  1   2 , Jennifer Whittington  1   2
Affiliations

Severe Traumatic Brain Injuries and Associated Outcomes at a Level 1 Trauma Center

Bharti Sharma et al. Biomedicines. .

Abstract

Background: Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a leading cause of mortality and long-term morbidity, particularly in high-acuity trauma settings. We aim to evaluate the clinical, physiologic, and socioeconomic factors associated with outcomes in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) at a single urban Level 1 trauma center. Method: This is a single-center, retrospective study of patients presenting with severe TBI between 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2023 at Elmhurst Hospital Center in Queens, New York. Patients were identified using ICD trauma codes and an Abbreviated Injury Severity (AIS) Head score of ≥3. Demographic data, injury characteristics, vital signs, airway interventions, alcohol level, and insurance status were analyzed. Result: A total of 1130 patients met the inclusion criteria. The cohort was predominantly male (76.1%) with a mean age of 52.7 years. Blunt trauma accounted for 97.8% of cases, with a mortality rate of 13.8%, while penetrating trauma comprised 2.2%, with a markedly higher mortality rate of 48%. Patients who died as full code had lower mean systolic blood pressure (82.5 mmHg), oxygen saturation (63%), and shorter emergency department stays (~3.7 h). The mean Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score was 12.6, dropping to 6.0 in patients who died. Moreover, higher AIS Head and Injury Severity Score (ISS) values were correlated with worse outcomes. Severely intoxicated patients had higher TBI incidence, with no clear difference observed when compared to normal BAC levels. Self-pay patients exhibited the highest mortality (40%). All associations were statistically significant (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Severe TBI outcomes are significantly influenced by injury mechanisms, physiologic parameters, and socioeconomic status. These findings emphasize the need for targeted prognostic tools and improved trauma system preparedness for TBI patients at risk of poor outcomes.

Keywords: brain injury; emergency department; length of stay; mechanisms; mortality; severity; trauma.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no competing interests to declare.

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