The Impact of Color Cues on Word Segmentation by L2 Chinese Readers: Evidence from Eye Movements

Abstract

Chinese lacks explicit word boundary markers, creating frequent temporary segmental ambiguities where character sequences permit multiple plausible lexical analyses. Skilled native (L1) Chinese readers resolve these ambiguities efficiently. However, mechanisms underlying word segmentation in second language (L2) Chinese reading remain poorly understood. Our study investigated: (1) whether L2 readers experience greater difficulty processing temporary segmental ambiguities compared to L1 readers, and (2) whether visual boundary cues can facilitate ambiguity resolution in L2 reading. We measured the eye movements of 102 skilled L1 and 60 high-proficiency L2 readers for sentences containing temporarily ambiguous three-character incremental words (e.g., "" [musical]), where the initial two characters ("" [music]) also form a valid word. Sentences were presented using either neutral mono-color displays providing no segmentation cues, or color-coded displays marking word boundaries. The color-coded displays employed either uniform coloring to promote resolution of the segmental ambiguity or contrasting colors for the two-character embedded word versus the final character to induce a segmental misanalysis. The L2 group read more slowly than the L1 group, employing a cautious character-by-character reading strategy. Both groups nevertheless appeared to process the segmental ambiguity effectively, suggesting shared segmentation strategies. The L1 readers showed little sensitivity to visual boundary cues, with little evidence that this influenced their ambiguity processing. By comparison, L2 readers showed greater sensitivity to these cues, with some indication that they affected ambiguity processing. The overall sentence-level effects of color coding word boundaries were nevertheless modest for both groups, suggesting little influence of visual boundary cues on overall reading fluency for either L1 or L2 readers.

Keywords: Chinese reading; L2 readers; color segmentation cues; word segmentation.

Figure 1

Power curve for experiment.

Figure 2

Example analysis regions. Note that this is shown in Chinese to illustrate the manipulation of text color. Sentence-level analyses correspond to content within the green box. The pre-target region in word-level analyses corresponds to content in the blue box. The target region in word-level analyses corresponds to content in the red box.

Figure 3

Word plausibility effects across groups for target region. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences.

Figure 4

Word plausibility effects across groups for pre-target region. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences.