Emerging Molecular Mechanisms in Malaria Pathogenesis and Novel Therapeutic Approaches: A Focus on P. falciparum Malaria

Abstract

Malaria is still one of the biggest global health problems, especially in parts of the world, such as sub-Saharan Africa, which remains most heavily affected. Despite significant advancements in testing, treatment, and prevention, malaria continues to seriously impact millions, primarily young children and populations in rural and impoverished areas. This paper looks at how the malaria parasite works inside the body, how it avoids the immune system, and how it becomes resistant to current drugs. Thanks to new advances in genetic and biochemical research, scientists are discovering new weak points in the parasite that could lead to better treatments. New vaccines, like RTS, S and R21, along with antibody-based therapies, offer renewed hope; however, extending the duration of the immunity they induce and ensuring effectiveness across diverse parasite strains remain significant challenges. Solving the malaria crisis will require more than science-it also necessitates equitable and timely access to treatments, robust health systems, and international collaboration. Continued research and global cooperation bring the world closer to ending malaria for good.

Keywords: elimination; malaria; omics; treatment; vaccine.

Figure 1

Malaria life cycle. Created in Biorender by Ricardo Izurieta (2025) https://app.biorender.com/illustrations/65e5f863bef1585d94d47108 (accessed on 26 June 2025).

Figure 2

Immune response to malaria infection. An illustration detailing the interactions between Plasmodium sporozoites and the human immune system, highlighting key events such as antigen presentation, T-cell activation, and cytokine-mediated response. Created in Biorender by Ricardo Izurieta (2025) https://app.biorender.com/illustrations/6830a57a1a64c6d0c5eff1ff (accessed on 26 June 2025).

Figure 3

Malaria timeliness diagnosis and treatment carried out by Ecuadorian Amazonian rainforest shamans and USA public health students (courtesy of Dr Izurieta Malaria Seek and Destroy Team).