Industrial-Scale Bioconversion of Three-Phase Residue by Musca domestica Larvae: Dynamics of Gut Microbiota and Their Ecological Driver

Abstract

The escalating global population coupled with rising living standards in developing nations has created dual challenges in sustainable food production and organic waste management [...].

Keywords: Musca domestica; feed–gut–frass continuum; lactic acid bacteria (LAB); microbial community; three-phase residue (TPR).

Figure 1

Schematic of M. domestica larvae rearing system with TPR-based feeding.

Figure 2

Bacterial relative abundance at phylum and genus levels across larval gut, TPR, and frass samples. (A) Phylum-level composition in larval gut microbiota; (B) genus-level composition in larval gut microbiota; (C) phylum-level composition in TPR microbiota; (D) genus-level composition in TPR microbiota; (E) phylum-level composition in frass microbiota; (F) genus-level composition in frass microbiota.

Figure 3

Dynamic source tracking of bacterial communities in larval gut (A) and frass (B); “Musca domestica” indicates larval-native microbiota, “TPR” denotes feed-derived microbiota, and “Unknown” represents environmentally acquired taxa.

Figure 4

Diversity metrics for three-phase residue, larvae gut, and frass samples. (A): Shannon index (diversity); (B): Chao1 index (richness). Significance: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Figure 5

Microbial community similarity analysis. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of operational taxonomic unit (ASV) relative abundance based on Bray–Curtis dissimilarity. Color gradient indicates sampling time points (days), with identically colored symbols representing triplicate samples collected at each time point.

Figure 6

Redundancy analysis (RDA) of top 10 dominant bacterial genera and physicochemical parameters in frass.