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Review
. 2025 Jul 15;61(7):1277.
doi: 10.3390/medicina61071277.

Non-Invasive Telemonitoring in Heart Failure: A Systematic Review

Patrick A Kwaah  1 , Emmanuel Olumuyide  2 , Kassem Farhat  1 , Barbara Malaga-Espinoza  3 , Ahmed Abdullah  4 , Michael H Beasley  5 , Novi Y Sari  6 , Lily K Stern  7 , Julio A Lamprea-Montealegre  8 , Adrian daSilva-deAbreu  9 , Jiun-Ruey Hu  7
Affiliations
Review

Non-Invasive Telemonitoring in Heart Failure: A Systematic Review

Patrick A Kwaah et al. Medicina (Kaunas). .

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Heart failure (HF) represents a major public health challenge worldwide, with rising prevalence, high morbidity and mortality rates, and substantial healthcare costs. Non-invasive telemonitoring has emerged as a promising adjunct in HF management, yet its clinical effectiveness remains unclear. Materials and Methods: In this systematic review, we summarize randomized controlled trials (RCTs) between 2004 and 2024 examining the efficacy of non-invasive telemonitoring on mortality, readmission, and quality of life (QoL) in HF. In addition, we characterize the heterogeneity of features of different telemonitoring interventions. Results: In total, 32 RCTs were included, comprising 13,294 participants. While some individual studies reported benefits, non-invasive telemonitoring demonstrated mixed effects on mortality, readmission rates, and QoL. The most common modality for interfacing with patients was by mobile application (53%), followed by web portals (22%), and stand-alone devices (19%). Periodic feedback (63%) was more common than continuous feedback (31%) or on-demand feedback (6%). Clinician reviews of patient telemonitoring data was event-triggered (44%) more commonly than based on a prespecified timeline (38%). In most designs (90%), patients played a passive role in telemonitoring. Conclusions: Non-invasive telemonitoring interventions for HF exhibited considerable variation in duration and system design and had a low rate of patient engagement. Future work should focus on identifying telemonitoring-responsive subgroups and refining telemonitoring strategies to complement traditional HF care.

Keywords: heart failure; mortality; quality of life; readmission; telemonitoring.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Risk of bias analysis of randomized controlled trials using RoB2 [18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48].
Figure 2
Figure 2
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow-chart.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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