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. 2025 Jul 11;30(14):2932.
doi: 10.3390/molecules30142932.

Beer-Derived (Poly)phenol Metabolism in Individuals With and Without Metabolic Syndrome: A Comparative Dietary Intervention

Daniel Hinojosa-Nogueira  1   2 , Cristina María Díaz-Perdigones  1   2 , María José García-López  1   3   4 , Ascensión Marcos  5 , María P Portillo  4   6   7 , Rosa María Lamuela-Raventós  4   8   9 , Alba Subiri-Verdugo  1   2   3 , Esther Nova  5 , Iñaki Milton-Laskibar  4   6   7 , Polina Galkina  4   8   9 , Francisco J Tinahones  1   2   3   4 , Isabel Moreno-Indias  1   2   4
Affiliations

Beer-Derived (Poly)phenol Metabolism in Individuals With and Without Metabolic Syndrome: A Comparative Dietary Intervention

Daniel Hinojosa-Nogueira et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

The consumption of low-alcohol fermented beverages has been related to cardiovascular health improvements. Although the underlying mechanism is not completely understood, (poly)phenols have been proposed as one of the mediators. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a controlled intervention with beer on (poly)phenols metabolism in individuals with and without metabolic syndrome (MetS). 20 participants (MetS and control) who consumed a standardized amount of beer during 6 weeks were recruited. Phenolic compounds were assessed in urine. Different changes in phenolic compounds associated with chronic beer consumption were found, particularly related to hesperetin conjugates and to the degradation of phenolic compounds derived from flavonoids and lignans. Noteworthily, MetS and control participants differed in baseline urine phenolic compound profiles and in their metabolization. Significant differences were found in the production and excretion of key (poly)phenols-derived metabolites, such as increased naringenin phase II conjugates in healthy subjects, or increased bacterial flavonoid catabolites. Certain relationships were observed between the phenolic compounds with metabolic and anthropometric variables. These findings suggest that beer-derived (poly)phenols are differentially metabolized according to metabolic-health status, and that they may contribute to certain metabolic health benefits through the modulation of specific metabolic pathways.

Keywords: (poly)phenols; beer; dietary intervention; metabolic syndrome; metabolism.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest. None of the funding bodies had direct influence or input into the research design, execution, data analysis, or interpretation of the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Comparative visualization of PCA, PLS, t-SNE, and isomap by group and time. Color legend: grey = baseline; red = end time; orange: MetS group; blue: Control group.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Fold change analysis of phenolic metabolites after the beer intervention in the whole population of study.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Volcano plot of the phenolic compounds that changed with the beer intervention in the whole population.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Difference in the concentration of phenolic compounds according to subject groups at baseline.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Basal and final patterns of phenolic compounds between the control group and metabolic syndrome patients (MetS). (a) Representation of the PCA analysis of phenolic compounds at baseline between MetS and Control groups; (b) Fold change analysis of phenolic compounds at baseline between MetS and Control groups; (c) Representation of the PCA analysis of phenolic compounds at a final point between the MetS and Control groups; (d) Fold change analysis of phenolic compounds at a final point between the MetS and Control groups.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Phenolic compounds that changed differently among study groups according to the linear models results. The figure shows changes in concentration between times and groups. Control group: green; metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients: red. The yellow diamond represents the group mean value.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Relationship between (poly)phenols and metabolic parameters: Spearman’s correlations by group and totals of relevant (poly)phenols. Subject groups: circle = Control, square = MetS, triangle = All subjects. Blue for positive correlations and red for negative correlations.
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