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Review
. 2025 Jul 10;14(14):2134.
doi: 10.3390/plants14142134.

Breeding Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for Pre-Harvest Sprouting Tolerance in South Africa: Current Status and Future Prospects

Thobeka Philile Khumalo-Mthembu  1   2 , Palesa Mmereki  1 , Nokulunga Prudence Mzimela  1 , Annelie Barnard  1 , Toi John Tsilo  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Breeding Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for Pre-Harvest Sprouting Tolerance in South Africa: Current Status and Future Prospects

Thobeka Philile Khumalo-Mthembu et al. Plants (Basel). .

Abstract

Pre-harvest sprouting of wheat is the premature germination of ripened wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) kernels in the spike before harvest and is influenced by a combination of environmental and genetic factors, and their interaction. This greatly affects grain yield and quality, thus posing a threat to food security and sustainable agriculture. Pre-harvest sprouting has been studied for over 30 years in South Africa and remains a trait of interest in our wheat breeding programs amid climatic change. This paper therefore provides a comprehensive review of the progress made, as well as the challenges and limitations encountered, in breeding wheat for pre-harvest sprouting tolerance in South Africa. Future prospects and research directions are also discussed. Conventional breeding has been the main breeding strategy used in the country, with the success of breeding commercial wheat cultivars with durable pre-harvest sprouting tolerance for deployment in the three main wheat production regions of South Africa. Therefore, augmenting conventional breeding with molecular markers and modern genomic breeding technologies is anticipated to speed up breeding locally adapted, climate-resilient wheat varieties that balance tolerance to pre-harvest sprouting with high yield potential. This is key to realizing sustainable development goals of food security and sustainable agriculture.

Keywords: South Africa; bread wheat; conventional breeding; modern breeding technologies; pre-harvest sprouting tolerance; sustainable development goals.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Distinction between pre-harvest sprouting-tolerant (left) and -susceptible (right) wheat spikes. Symptoms such as discoloration and swelling of the grain, splitting of the seed coat, and emergence of roots and shoots were indicative of pre-harvest sprouting susceptibility [1,39].
Figure 2
Figure 2
Average yield per production region over the ten-year period (2014/15–2023/24) [52].
Figure 3
Figure 3
A scale used to screen for pre-harvest sprouting tolerance in the South African wheat, where a score of 1 indicates highly tolerant and 8 represents highly susceptible genotypes [45].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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