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. 2025 Jun 29;17(6):e86986.
doi: 10.7759/cureus.86986. eCollection 2025 Jun.

Perceptions and Knowledge of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Primary Care and Educational Settings: A Study From Central Portugal

Ana Rita Fradique  1 , Sofia Bodas de Carvalho  2 , Arminda Jorge  2   3
Affiliations

Perceptions and Knowledge of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Primary Care and Educational Settings: A Study From Central Portugal

Ana Rita Fradique et al. Cureus. .

Abstract

Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that typically manifests in early childhood and is ideally identified during the first years of life. Family physicians, primary school teachers, and kindergarten educators play a crucial role in the early detection of neurodevelopmental disorders, which is essential for improving outcomes. This study aimed to assess professionals' knowledge and perceptions regarding ASD.

Methods: A cross-sectional, quantitative study was conducted with a convenience sample of family physicians, primary school teachers, and kindergarten educators in the Cova da Beira region in central Portugal. A questionnaire on ASD, adapted from a previously validated instrument and updated based on current literature, was used. Descriptive statistical analysis and two-way frequency tables were used to explore relationships between variables. The chi-square test was applied to assess differences between independent groups. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: A total of 95 professionals responded to the questionnaire: 57 were primary school teachers, 21 were kindergarten educators, and 17 were family physicians; 80% of participants (n=76) reported not feeling confident in identifying early warning signs or monitoring children with ASD. Half of the respondents believed that symptoms typically appear before the age of three. Among family physicians, none fully agreed with being able to identify early signs. However, most respondents expressed interest in receiving training in this area.

Conclusion: There is a clear need to invest not only in the academic training of future professionals but also in continuing education strategies to address the existing knowledge gaps among currently practicing professionals in the field of autism.

Keywords: autism; family physicians; kindergarten educators; professionals’ knowledge; teacher.

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Conflict of interest statement

Human subjects: Informed consent for treatment and open access publication was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior issued approval (CE-FCS-2015-032). Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Questionnaire: part 1
Figure 2
Figure 2. Questionnaire: part 2
Figure 3
Figure 3. Questionnaire: part 3
Figure 4
Figure 4. English questionnaire: part 1
Figure 5
Figure 5. English questionnaire: part 2
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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